VI
THE “I AM”
We have
already pointed out in these lectures that in the words of
Christ-Jesus to Nicodemus, we must recognize a conversation
between Christ and a personality who is able to perceive what
can be beheld outside of the physical body by means of higher
organs of cognition if developed to a certain stage. For
those who understand such things, this is clearly and
distinctly indicated in the Gospel wherein it is stated that
Nicodemus came to Christ-Jesus “in the night,”
meaning in a state of consciousness in which the human being
does not make use of his outer sense organs. We shall not
enter into the trivial explanations which have been presented
by different people concerning these words, “in the
night.” You know that in this conversation the problem
is one of rebirth of the human being “out of water and
Spirit.” These are very important words concerning
rebirth which the Christ speaks to Nicodemus in the 4th verse
of the 3rd Chapter:
Nicodemus
said unto Him: — How can a man be reborn when he is
old?
Jesus
answered: — Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a
man be born of water and the spirit, he cannot enter into
the Kingdom of God.
We have
already said that these words must be carefully weighed and
we should keep definitely in mind that the words of a
religious document of this kind must be taken in a literal
sense on the one hang, but on the other we must first
discover and understand this literal meaning. The words are
often quoted, “The letter killeth, but the spirit
giveth life!” Those who quote these words often employ
them in a very peculiar manner. They find in them a license
for reading into them their own phantasy, which they call the
“spirit of the thing,” and then they say to
someone who has taken the trouble to learn the letter before
coming to the spirit: “What have we to do with the
letter? The letter killeth, but the spirit giveth
life.” One who speaks in this manner, stands about on
the same level with a man who would say: “The spirit is
what truly lives, but the body is something dead. Therefore
let us destroy the body, then will the spirit become
alive.” Whoever speaks in this way does not know that
the spirit is formed gradually, that the human being must use
the organs of his physical body for reception of what he
experiences in the physical world, which he then raises into
spirit. First we must know the letter, then we can kill it;
likewise, when the spirit has drawn everything it can out of
the human body, the latter falls away from the human
spirit.
There is
something extraordinarily profound just in this very chapter
of the Gospel of St. John. We can only enter into the meaning
of it, when we follow human evolution still further back than
we have already in our consideration of the Gospel up to the
present. Today we must trace the human being back into still
more remote periods of the earth's evolution.
In order that
you may not, at the very beginning, be too much shocked at
what I shall have to say about these early human states, I
should like to lead you back once more to the ancient
Atlantean epoch.
We have
already called attention to the fact that before that great
cataclysm of our earth, a memory of which is retained in the
sagas of the Flood, our human progenitors lived out there in
the west in a region which no longer exists, but which now
forms the bed of the Atlantic Ocean. This continent which is
called the ancient Atlantis harbored our forefathers. When we
examine the later epochs of this Atlantean period of human
evolution, we find, even in these epochs of the far distant
past, that at least the form of the human being was not so
very much unlike his present one. However, if we should go
back to the earliest periods of this Atlantean continent, we
would find the human form quite different from that of the
present. We can go still further back.
Before the
Atlantean age, the human being lived in a land which, in the
language of today, is called Lemuria. This continent also
perished through great changes on our earth. It occupied
approximately the region which now lies between southern
Asia, Africa, and Australia. When we examine the human forms
which lived in Lemuria, as they present themselves to
clairvoyant sight, we find them very different from those of
present day humanity, and it is not necessary that I describe
them to you in detail nor those of the early Atlantean
period. Although you have already had to endure a great deal
in the descriptions of Spiritual Science, nevertheless the
forms of these ancient Lemurians, fundamentally so different
from the present forms, would appear to you quite improbable.
However, we must in a certain respect describe them, although
quite superficially if we wish to understand what has
happened to the human being in the course of the earth's
evolution.
Let us
suppose, for example, something in reality quite impossible,
but we shall assume it for the sake of an understanding. Let
us suppose that with your present senses, which of course you
did not at that time possess, you could look into the latter
part of the Lemurian and the first part of the Atlantean
epochs of human evolution, and observe the surface of the
earth in its various parts. If you should expect to be able
to find the human being upon the earth by means of this
physical sense perception, you would be greatly disappointed.
At that time he did not exist in a form which you would be
able to see with your present physical senses. It would
appear to you as though certain regions of our earth's
surface, already resembling islands, protruded out of the
rest of the still fluidic earth, which was either surrounded
by sea-water or enveloped in vapour. But those regions which
thus protruded like islands were not yet dry land like our
present solid earth, but soft earth masses in the midst of
which fiery forces played. These island regions were
continually being thrown up and then again submerged by the
volcanic forces of that time. In short, there was still in
the earth an element active in fire; all was still actively
in a state of flux, continually changing. In certain regions
which already existed, and which had been cooled to a certain
degree, you would find precursors of our present animal
world. Here and there you would have observed grotesque
shapes; you would have found strange forms, forerunners of
our reptiles and amphibians. However, you would have been
able to see nothing of the human being, because at that time
he did not possess a physical body dense and solid enough to
be seen. You would have had to seek him elsewhere, as it
were, in the masses of water and vapour. It would be,
perhaps, as though you were to swim out to sea at the present
time and could see there not much more of certain lower
animals than a soft, slimy mass. You would then find the
human physical form of that time embedded in the regions of
aqueous vapour. The further back we go, the more attenuated
and like his vapoury, watery environment do we find the human
form of that period. Not until the Atlantean period does it
begin to condense, and were we able to follow with our eyes
the whole of evolution, we should be able to see how, out of
the water, this human being becomes condensed, gradually
descending upon the surface of the earth. As a matter of
fact, it is true that the physical human being set foot upon
the ground of our earth's surface relatively late. From this
region of water and air, he gradually descended,
crystallizing out of it. We have now obtained a sketchy
picture of a human being who is not distinguishable from his
environment, who consists of the same element in which he
lives. When we follow very far back in the evolution of the
earth, we find that this human body becomes more and more
tenuous.
Now let us go
back to the very beginning of our present earthly planet. We
know that it arose out of the ancient Moon. This ancient Moon
we have called the “Cosmos of Wisdom.” At a
certain stage of its evolution, this ancient Moon did not
contain what we would call solid earth, and we must
understand very clearly that the physical conditions were
quite different on the embodiment of our planet which just
preceded our present Earth. If you follow back as far as the
ancient Saturn condition, you must not imagine that it would
appear as our earth now appears, that you would find rocks
upon which you could walk, and trees which you could climb.
None of all this existed at that time. If you had approached
ancient Saturn during the middle period of its evolution from
far out in cosmic space, you would not, perhaps, have seen
any special cosmic body moving about, but you would have been
able to detect something very strange, namely, that you had
come into a region where you felt as though you had crept
into an oven. The only reality of this Saturn state was that
it possessed a different degree of warmth from its
environment. In no other way could it have been perceived.
Occultism does not, like the present ordinary physics,
distinguish three conditions of matter only, but it discerns
still others. The physicist declares that at present there
are solid, fluidic and gaseous bodies. Saturn, however, was
not yet even gaseous. Our gaseous state is much denser than
the densest state on Saturn. In occultism, we distinguish
also the state of warmth which is not simply a state of
matter in vibration, but a fourth substantial state. Saturn
consisted only of this warmth and if we proceed from Saturn
to the Sun, we experience a condensation of that ancient
fiery planet. The Sun is the first gaseous embodiment of our
planet; it is the first gaseous or airy body. The ancient
Moon-state then condenses still further; it is a fluid body
which only later, when the sun departs from it, assumes a
more dense condition. The actual middle condition, however,
while it is still united with the sun, is the fluidic state.
All that we today call mineral earth, the mineral, rocks,
surface soil, all this did not exist on the ancient Moon.
This appeared for the first time upon our Earth,
crystallizing itself out of it.
When the Earth
commenced its evolution, it began by first repeating once
more all the various earlier conditions. Every substance and
every being in the cosmos always repeats earlier conditions
at the beginning of any new stage of evolution. Thus our
Earth passed quickly through the Saturn, Sun and Moon states.
When it was passing through the Moon evolution, it consisted
of water, mixed with vapour — not like our present water,
but a watery, that is to say, a fluidic condition of
substance. The fluid state was its densest condition. This
watery sphere which swam about in cosmic space was not like
the water of the present, but water mixed with vapour, in
other words, something gaseous and something fluidic
permeating each other, and within this we find the human
being. He could exist in this watery sphere, because no solid
substance had yet been precipitated. Of the present human
being, only his ego and his astral body were present. This
ego and astral body did not yet feel themselves as separate
entities, but as though embedded within the body of divine
spiritual beings. They did not yet feel themselves severed
from a being whose body is the water-vapour earth. Then
within these ego-endowed astral bodies, enclosures were
formed, very tenuous, fine human germs. This is shown in the
first diagram.
The upper part
of the diagram is intended to represent the astral body and
ego which, insensible to outer perception, were embedded in
the water-earth sphere; these draw from themselves the first
germ of the physical body which together with the ether body
was in a very rarefied condition. This then took form out of
this watery earth-water sphere. If you were to follow this
clairvoyantly, you would see the first germ of the physical
and ether bodies surrounded by the astral body and ego as
shown in the first figure. That part of you — namely,
your physical and ether bodies — which at present lies
in bed when you sleep, formed in its very first beginnings in
this Earth-state the first human germ still wholly enveloped
by the astral body and the ego. The watery vapour mass then
densified, and the astral body with the ego gave the impulse
to this first human germ to become a part of this primal
water-earth. (We cannot now follow further the evolution of
the animals and plants.) The next thing that occurred was the
condensation of the water, and, in a certain sense, air and
water appeared. No longer were vapour and water mixed
together, but water and air were separated from one another.
As a result, the human corporeality — physical and
ether bodies — again became somewhat more densified and
because the air had separated from the water, it became airy
and took into itself the fiery element. Thus what was
formerly watery now became aeriform. The physical ether human
germ now consisted of air permeated by fire; the astral body
and ego enveloped it and all this moved about in what
remained of the water, fluctuating back and forth alternately
in water and air.
We thus have
before us the human being of that time, whose incipient state
has reached even the density of air and has been made
incalescent by fire. This has become the same human being who
lies sleeping in bed today. To each of these human
fire-beings belong an astral body and an ego, but they are
completely embedded within the bosom of the Godhead, that is,
they do not yet feel themselves individualized.
You must
meditate deeply upon these things, for these conditions are
so different from the present conditions of the earth, they
seem shocking and unbelievable. Now you will ask: —
What is the fire element which you have indicated there in
the air? The fire which human beings possessed at that time
still exists within you. It is the fire that pulses through
your blood, it is the heat of the blood. What is left over
from the ancient air also lives on within your organism. When
you inhale and exhale, you have air within your otherwise
solid body which flows in and out of it. When you inhale
deeply, the air is then taken up into the blood and this is
the reason for the warm air-breath. Imagine this air
permeating the whole body, penetrating into all its parts.
Now, think away all that is solid and fluid and picture only
the form that remains, the form of a human being who has just
inhaled; that means that he has driven the oxygen into the
outermost parts of the body. A form remains which is very
similar to the human, but which, however, consists only of
air. The air which streams through the human being takes on
the exact form of the body. A kind of shadow body remains
consisting of air permeated with warmth. That is the kind of
human being you were at that time; you did not then have the
form which you now possess, but the physical and ether bodies
were enveloped by the astral body invested with the ego. This
condition continued on into the Atlantean period. Those who
yield to the illusion that in the earliest epochs of Atlantis
men walked about as they do today, are quite in error. The
human creature first descended out of the airy sphere into
the denser region of matter. There were at that time upon the
earth only the animals who could not hold back their
incarnation in physical form, thus they remained at the
animal stage, since the earth was not yet mature enough to
yield up its substance for the physical human form. Therefore
the animals remained in lower forms because they could not
hold back their descent into matter.
The next thing
that occurred was the division of the human being, in respect
of his physical body, into airy, warmth and fluid parts. This
means, in an occult sense, that he became a water-man. You
may say that the human being was previously already a
water-man. But that would not be quite correct. Previously
the earth was a watery sphere, and within it — although
only in a spiritual state — were astral body and ego.
They swam about in the water as spiritual beings; they were
not yet individualized. Now we have for the first time
reached the point where we could have found the physical
human body contained within this water, but in a sort of
jelly fish formation. If you had swum out into this primeval
sea, you would have found in it, condensed out of the water,
forms which would have been transparent to you. This is the
way these human beings appeared in the beginning. First they
had a water body and at the same time their astral body and
ego continued to remain deeply embedded in the divine,
spiritual beings. At that time, when the human being
possessed this watery body the apportioning of his states of
consciousness was very different from what it became later
on. The separation into unconscious night and conscious day
did not exist as it does now, but then, when the human being
was still embedded in the beings of the divine-spiritual
world, he had a dreamy astral consciousness. When, during the
day, he dipped down into his fluidic, physical body, this was
night to him and when he was again out of his physical body,
he beheld the dazzling, astral light. When he plunged into
the physical body in the morning, there all was dull and
dreary and a sort of unconscious state began. Gradually,
however, the present physical organs were formed in his
physical body and with these he gradually learned to see. Day
consciousness became brighter and brighter, and he was
thereby cut off from the divine matrix. It was only toward
the middle of the Atlantean period that this human creature
was dense enough to become flesh and bone. After the
cartilage had solidified, the bones then gradually appeared.
At the same time the earth also became more solid and the
human being then descended upon the surface of the earth.
Thus that consciousness which he had possessed in the
divine-spiritual world gradually disappeared, and he became
more and more an observer of the outer world, preparing
himself thereby to become a true earth dweller. In the last
third of the Atlantean period, the human form became more and
more like the present one.
Thus literally
and truly the human being descended from spheres which we
must designate water-vapour, water-air spheres. As long as he
remained in the water-air sphere, his consciousness possessed
the faculty of a clear astral perception, because whenever he
was outside of the physical body he was above in the presence
of the gods, but by virtue of the densification of the
physical body, he cut himself off, as it were, from the
divine substance. Like something that had acquired a shell,
he slowly severed himself from his earlier connections, when
he ceased to be watery and gaseous. As long as he was fluidic
and airy in form, he remained above with the gods. He was not
able to develop his ego, for he had not yet released himself
from the divine consciousness. Because he descended into
physical matter, his astral consciousness became ever more
darkened. If we wish to characterize the significance of this
evolutionary process, we may say that formerly, when the
human being was still living with the gods, his physical and
ether bodies were fluidic and gaseous in form, and were only
gradually, simultaneously with the solidification of the
earth, condensed to their present material form. That is the
descent, but just as he has made this descent, so will he
also ascend again. After he has had the experiences that are
to be had in solid substance, he will again mount into those
regions where his physical body will be fluidic and gaseous.
He must bear within him the consciousness that if he wishes
to unite himself again consciously with the gods, his true
existence will be in those regions from which he has sprung.
He has become condensed out of water and air and he will
again become diffused into them. He can only spiritually
anticipate this condition today by gaining within his inner
nature a consciousness of the future state of his physical
body. Only by becoming conscious of it today, however, will
he gain the power to do so. When we have acquired this
consciousness, our earthly goal will have been reached, our
earthly mission attained. What does that mean? It means that
human beings were at one time born, not of flesh and earth,
but of air and water and that they must later be truly
re-born in the Spirit, of air and water.
In the
linguistic usage of those epochs in which the Gospels were
written, (which we should also study), “Water”
was called water; but “Pneuma,” which is now used
for “Spirit,” was then called “Air.”
It had at one time exactly that meaning. The word
“Pneuma” should be translated “Air”
or “Vapour,” otherwise a misunderstanding arises.
Thus we should interpret the words in the conversation with
Nicodemus in the following manner: “Verily, verily, I
say unto thee, except a man be born of water and air he
cannot enter into the Kingdom of Heaven.”
The Christ is
pointing to a future condition into which the human being
will develop, therefore in this conversation we have before
us a deep mystery of our evolution. We have only to
understand the words correctly and employ them in the manner
Anthroposophy can teach us. In the common language of every
day, we still have remains of this former usage, when
volatile substances are spoken of as spirit. Originally the
word “Pneuma” meant air. You can see that it is
very important for words to be understood in a very accurate
and exact sense and to be carefully weighed. Then out of this
very literal meaning arises the most wonderful spiritual
interpretation.
Now let us try
for a little while to direct our spiritual glance toward
another fact of evolution. Let us once more look back to the
time when the human astral body with the ego was immersed in
the matrix of a common divine astral substance. As you follow
this evolutionary course, you find that development took
place in such a way that it is possible to describe it
schematically. In the beginning, your whole astral being was
embedded in the common astral substance and through the
processes which we have just described, the physical and
etheric enclosed it like surrounding shells. Thus individual
human beings became separated from the general astral
substance as detached parts. It was as though you had a fluid
substance here before you and were dipping out parts of it.
The detachment of the individual human consciousness from the
divine consciousness runs parallel with the formation of the
physical body. Thus we may say that the further we progress,
the more we see how the separate individual human beings
enclosed in the shell of the physical body, develop
themselves as parts which are severed from the common
astrality. It is true, the human being had to pay for this
becoming independent by the darkening of his astral
consciousness. Therefore he looked out from the sheath of his
physical body and beheld the physical plane. The ancient
clairvoyant consciousness, however, gradually
disappeared.
Thus we see
coming into existence the human inner being, an independent
individual human inner being which is the bearer of the ego.
When you observe the sleeping human being of the present, you
have before you in the physical and ether bodies, which have
remained behind in bed, what these sheaths, formed during the
course of the ages, have produced through condensation. What
had previously separated from the common astral substance
returns to it each night in order to receive strength from
it. Of course it does not enter so deeply into this divine
substance as it did at that time, otherwise it would be
clairvoyant. It retains its independence. This, then, is the
independent individuality that came into existence in the
course of evolution.
It may be
asked, to what is this independent individual human being
indebted for its very existence, this inner being that seeks
its strength outside the physical and ether bodies? It is
indebted to the physical and ether human bodies which were
gradually formed in the course of evolution. They gave birth
to that which dipped down into the physical senses and looked
out into the physical world during the day, but which at
night sank down into a state of unconsciousness, because it
had severed itself from that condition in which it previously
existed. In occult language, the part remaining in bed is
called the real earth-man. That was “man.” And
that part in which the ego remained day and night, that part
born out of the physical and ether bodies was called the
“child of man” or the “son of man.”
The “son of man” is the ego and astral body, born
out of the physical and ether bodies in the course of earthly
evolution. The technical expression for this is the
“son of man.”
Then comes the
question, for what purpose did Christ Jesus come to earth;
what was imparted to the earth through His Impulse? The
“son of man” who had severed himself from
existence in the bosom of the Godhead and had broken away
from his earlier connections, and in place of which developed
a physical consciousness will come again to a consciousness
of the spirit through the force of the Christ Who appeared
upon the earth. He will not only perceive in his physical
environment with physical senses, but by means of the force
of his own inner being of which he is now unconscious, a
consciousness of his divine existence will flash up within
him. Through the force of the Christ Who came upon the earth,
the son of man will again be raised to his divine estate.
Previously, after the manner of the ancient Mystery
initiation, only chosen individuals could perceive the
divine-spiritual world. In ancient times there was a
technical expression for this. Those who could look into the
divine-spiritual world and could become witnesses of it were
called “serpents.” Those men of ancient times who
were initiated into the Mysteries in this way were
“serpents.” The “serpents” were the
forerunners of the deed of Christ Jesus. Moses showed his
mission by lifting up before his people the symbol of the
elevation of those who could perceive in the spiritual
worlds; he lifted up the serpent. What these chosen few had
then become, now every “son of man” could attain
through the force of the Christ present upon the earth. This
the Christ expresses in his further conversation with
Nicodemus when He says: — “Just as once upon a
time Moses lifted up the serpent, even so will the son of man
be lifted up.” Throughout, Christ Jesus made use of the
technical expressions of that age. First the literal sense of
the expressions must be discovered, then the true meaning can
be understood; this is also identical with the
Anthroposophical teaching. Therefore, in ancient times only a
prophecy of the “I AM” teaching could gain a
footing. Only on the outer authority of the initiated could
the people hear something of the power of the “I
AM” which should be enkindled in every “son of
man.” But we are quite sufficiently informed about
this.
We have seen
what the “I AM” signifies in the Gospel of St.
John and can ask whether this “I AM” in the
course of time has been imparted to humanity. Has it been
gradually proclaimed? Did the Old Testament prophetically
point to and prepare for what was brought to mankind as an
impulse through the descent of the incarnated “I
AM?”
Please
remember that all that occurs in the course of the ages has
been slowly and gradually prepared before-hand. Like the
child in the mother's womb, all that was brought by
Jesus-Christ had been slowly matured in the followers of the
Old Testament through the ancient Mysteries. On the other
hand what had been prepared in the followers of the Old
Testament among the ancient Jewish peoples had grown to
maturity among the ancient Egyptians. Among them were highly
developed initiates who knew what was to come upon the earth.
We shall now learn how the Egyptians, who were the third
sub-race of the post-Atlantean root-race, developed by
degrees the complete impulse of the “I AM,” and
how they furnished, like the mother's womb, the outer
structure for this “I AM,” but did not go far
enough to give birth to the Christ Principle. Then we shall
learn how at last the ancient Hebrew peoples separated from
them.
Moses is
represented to us as one chosen from among the people of
Egypt to become the prophet of God, of the incarnated
“I AM.” He prophesied the coming of the “I
AM” to those who could understand something of It. He
announced that for the words, “I and Father Abraham are
one,” will be substituted these other words, “I
and the Father are one,” which means, I and the
spiritual foundation of the World are directly one. The
followers of the Old Testament looked up to the folk
group-soul in its plurality and in this group-soul, each
individual felt sheltered as though within the Divine.
Through Moses, an initiate of the old order, it was
prophesied that the Christ would come; in other words, that
there is a divine principle which is higher than the
blood-principle flowing down through the generations. It is
true, God has been active in the blood since the time of
Abraham, but this blood-father is only the outer
manifestation of the spiritual Father.
Moses said
unto God, Who am I that I should go unto Pharaoh, and that
I should bring forth the children of Israel out of
Egypt?
He said, I
will be with thee: and this shall be a sign that I have
sent thee: When thou hast brought forth my people out of
Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain.
And Moses
said unto God: Behold, when I come unto the children of
Israel, and shall say unto them: The God of your fathers
hath sent me unto you, and they say unto me: What is his
name? What shall I say unto them?
He had to
announce prophetically a more exalted God, Who exists within
the God of Father Abraham, but Who is at the same time a
higher Principle. What is His name?
And God said
unto Moses, I am the “I AM!”
Here is
foretold the profound truth about the Word which later
appeared incarnate in Christ-Jesus.
And he said:
Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel: the
“I AM” hath taught it to me.
This is the
literal wording. In other words, this means that the
“name,” that name which is the basis of the
blood-name, is the “I AM” — and this
“I AM” appears incarnate in the Christ of the
Gospel of St. John.
And God said
further unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of
Israel, the Lord, God of your fathers, the God of Abraham,
the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob hath sent me unto you.
What has been
seen only externally streaming through the blood, is in its
deeper meaning, the “I AM.”
Thus was
proclaimed what was later to enter the world through
Christ-Jesus. We hear the name of the Logos, we hear Him at
that time calling to Moses, “I am the I AM!” The
Logos proclaims His name, that part of Himself which can be
comprehended through the understanding, through the
intellect. What is here proclaimed appears in the flesh as
the Logos, is incarnated in Christ-Jesus.
Now let us
consider the external sign of the flowing down of the Logos
into the Israelitish people, as far as this can be grasped
abstractly in thought. This outer sign is the
“Manna” of the Wilderness. The word
“Manna” is, in fact, (those who understand
Spiritual Science know this) the same as
“Manas”
[Note 1],
the “Spirit-Self.” Thus there streams into that
people which has by degrees acquired an I-consciousness, the
first trace of the Spirit-Self. However that which lives and
appears in Manas itself must be called by another name. It is
not something that can be simply known, but it is a force
which can be taken into oneself. When the Logos simply
proclaimed His name, it could be understood and grasped with
the intellect. But when the Logos became flesh and appeared
among men, then it became a Force-Impulse which is not only a
teaching and a concept, but exists in the world as a
Force-Impulse in which humanity can participate. He then
calls Himself no longer “Manna,” but the
“Bread of Life,” which is the technical
expression for Budhi or Life-Spirit.
The water
transformed by the spirit, which was offered in symbolic form
to the Samaritan woman, and the “Bread of Life”
are the first heraldings of the influx of Budhi or
Life-Spirit into mankind. Tomorrow we shall continue this
discussion.
Notes:
Note 1.
Note by translator. Dr. Steiner was giving these lectures
to Theosophists who were familiar with the oriental
terminology. By degrees he dropped this as the students
became familiar with his own new occidental
terms.
|