I
I
now wish to begin to speak to you of the laws and conditions of human
destiny, which, as you know, it has become customary to describe as
karma. Karma, however, cannot be seen clearly unless we are prepared
to learn to know the different kinds of universal law and universal
activity. Therefore let me begin by speaking to you in a rather more
abstract way of the different kinds of universal law and working, and
later crystallise out, as it were, that special kind of working which
can be called human destiny or karma.
Both
when we try to comprehend the World's phenomena and when we wish to
understand the phenomena of human life, we are wont to speak of
“causes and effects.” Especially in science nowadays,
people are accustomed to speak quite generally of “causes and
effects.” Yet it is precisely this habit which leads into the
greatest difficulties, in face of the true reality. For if we speak
in this way, we are leaving out of account the variety of
forms in which “cause and effect” actually occur in the
universe.
To
begin with we may observe the so-called lifeless Nature, which
confronts us most clearly of all in the mineral kingdom. There are
the marvellous forms which often meet us in the rocks and stones of
the earth. There too is all that appears as though it were ground
down to powder and compressed again into amorphous stone.
Let
us consider, to begin with, all that thus appears to us as the
lifeless in the world. When we consider the lifeless purely as such,
we find invariably that we can seek within the lifeless itself
whatever causes are at work in the lifeless realm. Wherever there is
anything lifeless as an effect, there too — within the realm of
the lifeless — we may look for the causes. And indeed, we only
proceed according to true science if we do this — if we seek
within the lifeless kingdom the causes of all lifeless processes.
However
beautifully formed the crystal which you have before you, you must
investigate its forms within the lifeless realm. This means that the
lifeless kingdom is really self-contained. We may not be able to say,
to begin with, where we shall find its bounds. They may be very far
away in cosmic distances. Nevertheless, whatever lifeless process or
effect confronts us, if we are looking for its causes, we must seek
them — once again — within the realm of the lifeless.
Therewith,
however, we are already placing the lifeless side by side with
something else, and at once a certain perspective is opened out to
us. Consider man himself — how he passes through the gate of
death. All that was working and living in him before he went through
the gate of death, has vanished from the tangible and visible form
which remains behind when the soul passes on. Indeed, we say of this
human shape which is left behind, that it is lifeless. Just as we
speak of the lifeless when we look out over the rocks and mountains
with their crystal forms, so must we speak of the lifeless when we
behold the corpse of man, bereft of soul and spirit. And it is only
from this moment that we can apply to the human body what applies to
the rest of lifeless Nature from the outset.
For
those effects which happened in and about the human form during life
— before the soul had passed through the gate of death —
we could not seek the causes within the lifeless realm. Not only that
when a human being lifts his arm we shall look in vain within the
lifeless-physical principles of the human form for the causes of the
lifting of the arm. Moreover, in the physical-chemical laws which are
present in the human form, we shall look equally in vain for the
causes — let us say — of the heart-beat, the circulation
of the blood, or any other, even involuntary process.
The
moment this human form has become a corpse however, the moment the
soul has passed through the gate of death, we also observe an effect
in the human body. The colour changes in the skin, the limbs become
inert — in short, all the effects appear that we are accustomed
to witness in the corpse. Where shall we seek the cause? Within the
corpse itself — in the chemical and physical, lifeless laws of
the corpse.
Think
to the end, in all directions, what I am indicating (for I am doing
no more than indicate it), and you will say to yourself: As to his
corpse, man, when his soul has passed through the gate of death, has
become equal to lifeless Nature. Henceforth we must seek the causes
of the effects in the same realm in which the effects themselves are.
This
is very important, but precisely when we envisage this characteristic
of the human corpse, we find another very significant fact. At death,
the human being, so to speak, lays aside his body. Observe with the
necessary spiritual faculties what the real man — the man of
soul and spirit — has now become, and you will say: The corpse
has now been laid aside. For the real man of soul and spirit, having
arrived beyond the gate of death, this corpse has no longer
significance. It has been cast aside.
For
outer lifeless Nature it is quite different. Observe even
superficially, and you perceive the difference. Look at a human
corpse. You can observe it best where it is buried — so to
speak — in the air. Certain communities used to use underground
caverns as burial-places, and we there find human corpses simply
suspended in the air. They dry until they are completely rotten; you
only need to touch them slightly, and they fall asunder into dust.
The
“lifeless” which we thus obtain is different from what we
find as lifeless Nature all around us. The latter contains a
formative, configurative process, giving rise to crystal shapes.
Moreover it is in constant change. Apart from the earthy element as
such, if we observe the water and the air — which are also
lifeless — we find it all in mobility and metamorphosis and
transformation.
Nevertheless,
let this be placed before our souls at the outset: the equivalence of
the human body as to its lifeless nature, after the soul has laid it
aside, with the lifeless world of Nature outside of man.
And
now we may go farther. Study the plant kingdom. Here we come
into the sphere of living things. Study the plant in a real way, and
we shall find that we are never able to account for the effects
merely from causes which lie within the plant kingdom — in the
same kingdom where the effects occur. No doubt, there is a science
nowadays which tries to do so, but it is in a blind-alley! It is at
last obliged to say: “We can investigate the physical and also
the chemical forces and laws at work in the plant. Something is then
left over ...” And at this point they diverge, so to speak,
into two parties. On the one hand are those who say: “What is
left over is a mere synthesis — a kind of form. The physical
and chemical laws are the sole effective principle.” “No,”
say the others, “there is something more, which science has not
yet discovered, but it will do so no doubt in time.” —
They will go on speaking like this for a long while yet. For it is
not so. If you wish to make research into the plant kingdom you
cannot understand it without summoning the whole universe to your
aid. You must perceive that the forces for the plant-activity lie in
the wide universe. All that takes place in the plant is an effect of
the great universe. Before any effects can take place in plant-life,
the sun must come into a certain position in the universe. And other
forces too must work from the wide universe, to give the plant its
form, its inner forces of growth and so on.
Now,
if we were able — not in a Jules Verne — fashion, but in
reality — to travel say to the moon or to the sun, there too we
should not be much wiser in our quest of causes than we are on earth,
if we acquired no other faculties of knowledge than those we now
possess. We should not reach our goal merely by saying, “Well
and good: the causes of effects occurring in the plant kingdom of the
earth are not to be found in this kingdom on the earth itself. Let us
therefore go to the sun; there we shall find the causes.” No,
not at all, there too we shall not find them with the ordinary
faculties of knowledge. We find them however when we work our way up
to Imaginative Cognition — i.e. when we possess quite a new
faculty of knowledge. But then we do not need to travel to the sun;
we find them in the earth-domain itself. Only we have to pass from
“one world” into another; from the everyday physical into
the etheric, the ether-world. In the wide universal spaces on every
hand, the cosmic ether with its forces is working. It works inward
from the wide spaces. The ether is working in on every hand, from the
wide spaces.
| Diagram 1 Click image for large view | |
Thus,
if we wish to find the causes of the effects in the plant in this
kingdom, we must actually pass into a second realm of the universe.
Now
man also partakes in what the plant partakes in. The forces working
into the plants out of the ether-world, work also into man. Man
carries in himself the etheric forces, and we describe the sum-total
of these etheric forces which he carries within him, as the human
ether-body. I have already told you how the ether-body goes on
expanding for a few days after man's death, and how at last it loses
itself, so that the human being remains over only in his astral body
and his Ego-being.
That
which man carried with him etherically, becomes ever larger and
larger and loses itself in world-wide distances.
And
now once more: compare what we can see of man after his passage
through the gate of death, with that which we see in the plant
kingdom. Of the plant kingdom we must say: its causative forces come
in to the earth from the widths of space. Of the human ether-body we
must say: its forces go outward into the widths of space. That is,
they go whence the forces of plant-growth come — as soon as man
has passed through the gate of death.
Here
it already becomes clearer. When we observe only the physical corpse,
though we recognise that it becomes lifeless, we do not find it easy
to relate it to the rest of lifeless Nature. When on the other hand
we consider the living kingdom of plants, when we become aware how
the causes, the forces for the plant-kingdom come inward from the
ether of cosmic space, then — as we enter with spiritual
imagination into the human being — we perceive that with man's
passage through the gate of death the human ether-body goes thither,
whence come the forces, the ether-forces, for the plant kingdom.
Now
there is another characteristic. The causative forces that affect the
plants, work comparatively quickly. The day before yesterday's sun
has little influence upon the plant as it springs from the soil or
receives blossom and fruit. The day before yesterday's sun can have
little effect today with all its causes. To take effect today, it
must shine today. This point is important; mark it well. You will
presently see how important it is.
The
plants with their etheric causes have, it is true, their actual
fundamental forces within the earthly realm, but they have them in
the universe simultaneously with the earth.
And
when man as a soul-and-spirit being has passed through the gate of
death, when the human ether-body dissolves, this again lasts but a
short time — only a few days. Here again you have simultaneity.
For the duration of the world-process, the few days are a mere
trifle. Thus, when the human ether-body returns to where the forces
for plant growth — the ether-forces — come from we, can
say: As soon as man is living in the ether, his etheric activity is
not restricted to the earth (for on the contrary, it leaves the
earth), nevertheless, it develops simultaneously. Hence I may write
you this scheme:
Mineral
Kingdom; Simultaneity of causes and effects within the physical.
Yes,
you will say, but surely the causes of some things that take place in
the physical are antecedent in time. No, it is not so in reality. For
any effects to arise in the physical, the causes must continue
working. As soon as the causes cease working, no more effects will
occur. Thus we can truly write:
Mineral
Kingdom; Simultaneity of causes, within the physical.
And
when we come into the plant kingdom (and the same will apply to the
plant-nature which we can trace in man himself), there we have
simultaneity in the physical and in the superphysical, so we may
write:
Plant
Kingdom; Simultaneity of causes in the physical and
superphysical.
Now
let us approach the animal kingdom. In the animal kingdom we
shall investigate in vain within the animal itself the effects that
occur during the creature's life. If it no more than crawls along in
search of food — in the physical and chemical processes to be
found within its body we shall seek in vain for the causes of these
effects. We shall also seek in vain in the wide ether-spaces, where
we find the causes for plant-nature. There too we shall look in vain
for the causes of animal movement and animal sensation. For all that
is plant-like in the animal and in its processes, we shall find the
causes in the etheric spaces. And when it dies, the ether-body of the
animal too goes outward into the wide universal ether. But for
sensation we shall never find the causes within the realms of the
earthly-physical, nor of the superphysical and etheric. We shall not
find them there.
Here,
even more, we come to a point where the modern idea is following up a
blind alley. Indeed to some extent it has to admit it. For many a
phenomenon that occurs in the animal — all the phenomena of
sensation, movement, etc., — we must admit: If we investigate
the physical and chemical forces within the animal, we cannot find
the causes. And in the cosmic spaces — in the ether-spaces of
the universe — there too we cannot find the causes. If I would
explain a flower I must go out into the widths of the ether-cosmos.
Out of the ether-universe I shall be able to explain the flower.
Likewise I shall be able to explain many things that are plant-like
in the animal. But I shall never be able to explain, even from the
ether-universe, that which occurs in the animal as movement and
sensation.
Suppose
I observe an animal on the 20th June. For its sensation processes, I
shall not find the causes on the 20th of June — not if I seek
through all the realms of space within the earthly realm and beyond.
And if I go farther back, there too I shall not find them —
neither in May, nor in April ...
Modern
science even feels that it is so. Hence it explains some at least of
what is thus unexplainable, by referring it to “heredity,”
that is, by a word. It is “inherited.” It comes down from
the ancestors. Not of course everything (that would be too
grotesque), but much of it-it is simply “inherited.”
What
is the meaning of this phrase? In the last resort, the concept of
heredity amounts to this: All that confronts us in the animal, with
all its manifold configurations, was potentially contained in the
germ-cell of the mother-animal. Such is the effort of modern science:
to study the ox externally, in the untold variety of its forms, and
then to say: The ox comes from the germ-cell. There were already the
forces which in their full growth and development have given rise to
the ox. Accordingly, the germ-cell is an extremely complex body ...
It would indeed have to be appallingly complex, this germ-cell of the
ox. For it would have to contain all that presses and moulds and
twists and turns and works so that the tiny germ-cell may become the
ox with its manifold forms.
However
you may twist and turn it (and there are many theories —
evolution, epigenesis, and so on ...) however you may twist it, it
comes to this. In the last resort you must conceive the germ-cell,
the minute ovum, as appallingly complicated. And where all things are
referred to molecules, supposed to be built up in great complication
from the atoms, some scientists are prone to represent the first
rudiment of the germ-cell as a complex molecule. But this, my dear
friends, does not even accord with physical observation.
Is
the germ-cell really a molecule or an organism so complicated? Its
peculiar quality lies not at all in complication, but on the
contrary: it throws all the matter back into chaos. The germ-cell of
all things, in the mother-body, is not a complicated structure, but a
material utterly pulverised — chaoticised. It is not organised
at all. It is something that falls back into an utterly unorganised,
pulverised condition. Never could reproduction take place if it were
not for this. Precisely in the egg, unorganised, lifeless matter —
which tends to crystalline formation — falls back into complete
chaos. Albumen is not the most complicated body, but the very
simplest, entirely void of inherent determination. Out of this tiny
chaos which the germ-cell is to begin with, no ox could ever arise —
no, not in all eternity. For it is really chaos.
Why
then does it become the ox? Because at this stage the whole universe
proceeds to work upon the germ-cell in the mother organism. Precisely
inasmuch as it has become chaos — void of determination in
itself — the entire universe can work upon it. Fertilisation
has no other object in the world than to reduce matter again to
chaos, to the indeterminate void, so that no other entity is working
but the pure universe.
But
now if we look within the mother-body — there are not the
causes. If we look outside into the universal ether — there
too, in what takes place simultaneously, are not the causes. We must
go back, before the animal came into being, if we would find the
causes of what is germinating there as the beginning of a creature
capable of sensation and movement. We must go back, before the
creature's life began. For all that is capable of sensation and
movement, the world of causes lies not in the simultaneous, but
before the creature's origin.
If
it is a plant which I observe, I must go out into the simultaneous,
although in the far and wide universe. There I shall find the cause.
But if I want to find the cause of all that works as sensation or
capacity of movement in the animal, I can no longer go into the
simultaneous universe. I must go into that which precedes the
creature's life. In other words, the constellation of the stars must
have become different. What influences the specifically animal nature
is not the constellation in the universe simultaneous with the
animal, but the constellation of the stars preceding the animal's
life.
Here
again, let us turn our thoughts to man after his passage through the
gate of death. When he has passed the gate of death, when he has laid
aside his ether-body which goes into the wide cosmic spaces —
to every place whence come the ether-forces of plant-growth —
man must go backward, as I have told you, until his birth. When he
has done so, then he has undergone, in backward progress in his
astral body, all that he underwent during his life. Thus, with his
astral body after death, he has not to enter what is simultaneous,
but he must wend his way back to the pre-natal. He must go thither,
whence come the forces which provide the animal with faculties of
movement and sensation. They do not come from the realm of space, but
from the constellations which are simultaneous; they come from the
antecedent constellations of the stars. If therefore we are speaking
of the animal kingdom, we can no longer speak of simultaneity of
causes in the physical and super-physical; we must refer the present
effects of the physical to past superphysical causes. Thus,
for the Animal kingdom: Past super-physical causes —
present effects.
Once
again, we enter the concept of time. To put it trivially, we must go
for a walk in time. In the physical world, when we are looking for
the causes of things that happen there, we move about in the
physical. We do not need to leave the physical. And if we are seeking
the causes of anything that is brought about in the living kingdom of
plants, we must go very far away. We must sweep through the
ether-world, and only where the ether-world is at an end —
where, as in fairy-tale language, we come to the end of the world —
there do we find the causes of plant-growth. But we can wander there
as we will; we shall not find there the causes of the faculties of
sensation or of movement. To do so, we must set out on a pilgrimage
in time. We must go backward in time. We must go out of space, and
into time.
As
to causation, therefore, we can place the human physical body in its
lifeless condition side by side with external lifeless Nature. And we
can place-the human ether-body — both in its life and in its
outward passage after death into the ether-spaces — side by
side with the etheric life of the plants; for this too comes in from
the ether-spaces, though from the simultaneous constellations, of
that which is beyond the physical, above the earth. Moreover, we can
relate the human astral body to the outer animal world.
Now,
when in further progress from mineral nature to plant and animal, we
come at length to the human kingdom proper, perhaps you will say, “We
have already considered it.” Yes, but not altogether. We have
considered it inasmuch as the human being has a physical body; then
inasmuch as he has an ether-body; and thirdly, inasmuch as he has an
astral body. But you will recognise: if man merely had his physical
body, he would be a crystal — even it perhaps a very
complicated one. And if in addition he only had his ether-body, he
would be a mere plant — no matter, perhaps, how beautiful. And
if he even had the astral body added, then he would go on all fours;
he would have horns, or the like; in a word, he would be an animal.
All this, he is not. He has the form and figure he possesses
as an upright-walking being, because he also possesses the
Ego-organisation, over and above the physical, etheric and astral. To
this being alone, who also has the organisation of the Ego, we can
apply the name: human kingdom.
Let
us observe once more what we have already seen. If we are seeking the
causes for the physical, we can remain within the physical. If we are
seeking the causes for plant-nature, we must go out into the wide
ether-realms. We can still remain within space — though, as I
said, this “space” becomes a little hypothetical, so that
we have recourse to fairy-like conceptions, as when we say “the
end of the world — where the world is boarded up.” Yet it
is so. Why, even they who only think along the lines of present-day
research are now beginning to divine that in some sense there is such
a thing as the end of the world — “where the world is
boarded up.” It is of course a childlike and crude expression.
But we need only remember the childlike way in which people are wont
to think: There is the sun, it sends out its rays, on and ever on.
The rays grow-weaker and weaker, it is true, yet the light goes on
and on, ever away, into the infinite.
To
those who have been at these lectures for years past, I have long ago
explained what nonsense it is to imagine that the light goes on and
on in this way, into the endless void. Often and often I have said,
the expansion of light is subject to a kind of elasticity. If you
have an india-rubber ball and you indent it here — you can
continue pressing up to a certain point; then it springs back again.
There is an end to the elastic pressure; then it recoils. It is the
same for the light: it does not go on and out into the endless void.
When it has reached a certain limit, it comes back again.
This
very idea — that the light does not go on indefinitely, but to
a certain limit, whence it returns — has recently been upheld,
for example, in England, by the physicist Oliver Lodge. Thus, even
outer science has come to the point of maintaining in this instance
what is declared by spiritual science; as indeed, in time to come, it
will arrive in every detail at the things which spiritual science
expounds.
So
likewise we may say: Out there, if we think our way far enough
outward, sooner or later we must think back again. We must not assume
a mere endless space which is a fantasy and moreover, one which we
cannot grasp. Some of you may recall what I related in my
autobiography of the deep impression it made on me, when I attended
classes on modern Synthetic Geometry, and when for the first time it
was shown me through Geometry itself that a straight line should not
be conceived as though it went out into the endless void and never
ceased. The line that goes outward in this direction, actually
returns from the opposite side. Geometry expresses it by saying that
the infinitely distant point to the right is identical with the
infinitely distant point to the left. This can be found by exact
calculation — not by the mere analogy of a circle, where, if
you set out from here, you will eventually get back again to the same
point, and if you then imagine the diameter infinitely long the
circle will become a straight line. That would be a mere analogy, of
little or no value to one who can think exactly. I was impressed, not
by this trivial analogy, but by the possibility of real arithmetical
proof, that the infinitely distant point on the one side — to
the left — is the same as the infinitely distant point to the
right. So that one who begins to run from here and runs on and on
along the line will not run out into the endless void; if he only
runs on for long enough, he will come back to meet us from the other
side. To physical thinking it may seem grotesque. The moment we set
aside physical thinking it is a reality. The world is not endless. As
physical world, such as it lies before us here, it is limited.
Once
more then, we may say: To deal with the plant-nature and with the
etheric nature in man, we must go to the very limits of the ether.
But if we wish to explain the animal nature, and the astral in man,
we must go right outside all that there is in space. We must go for a
walk, in time — beyond all that is contemporaneous; we must
move forward in time. And now we come to the human kingdom.
When
we thus come into time, you see, we are already transcending the
physical in a twofold way. In order to describe the animal you must
move on in time. But at this stage you must not abstractly pursue the
line of thought; you must continue concretely. I beg you now observe,
how we continue the line of thought concretely.
People
think, when the sun sends out its light, that the light goes
endlessly on and on. Oliver Lodge, however, shows that this kind of
thought is already beginning to be left behind. They are beginning to
realise that you get to a certain limit and thence come back again.
The sun receives its light sent back to it again from all directions
— though in another form, in a transmuted form, still it
receives it back again.
Now
let us apply the same kind of thought to the progression we have just
followed. We stayed, to begin with, in space. Then, earthly space
remained there within, while we must go out into the universe. But
even that was not enough, for at the next stage we go out into time.
Now, someone might say, we must go on still further — on and
on. No, on the contrary; now we come back again. Just as it is
when we go on and on into space: we get to a limit and thence return;
so do we here come back again. Having looked in the distances of time
for the past super-physical causes we must return again into the
physical.
What
does this mean in reality? It signifies that out of time we must come
down again on to the earth. If we would seek the causes that apply to
man as such, we must seek them once more on earth. Only we have gone
backward in time, and I need hardly say: when, going backward in
time, we come again on to the earth, we come into a former life of
man. We come into a former life. For the animal we have to go on and
on. It dissolves away in time, just as our ether-body dissolves away
to the utmost limits ... Man, at this point does not dissolve away;
we must come back again, even into his former life on earth.
Therefore, in man's case, we can say: Past physical causes, for
present effects within the physical.
Mineral
kingdom: Simultaneity of causes, within the physical.
Plant
kingdom: Simultaneity of causes, in the physical and
super-physical.
Animal
kingdom: Past super-physical causes, corresponding to present
effects.
Human
kingdom: Past physical causes, corresponding to present effects
in the physical.
You
see, it has cost us some pains today, by way of preparation, to enter
into these abstractions. But that was necessary. I wanted to show you
that there is also a logic for these realms — the really
spiritual realms of life. This logic is only not coincident with the
crude logic which is merely abstracted from physical phenomena, and
in which alone people will commonly believe.
Proceeding
purely logically, investigating all the series of causes, even in the
pure course of thought we came to the repeated lives of man on earth.
We need to be attentive to this fact: our thought itself must become
different if we would apprehend the spiritual.
People
imagine that one cannot understand what is revealed out of the
spiritual world. One can indeed, but one must extend one's logic.
After all, even to understand a piece of music or any other work of
art, you must have in you the conditions to go out to meet it. If you
have not the conditions, you will pass by it without appreciation —
as a mere noise, if it is music; or if it is plastic art, you will
“see nothing in it” but the crude obvious forms. And so
for the communications from the spiritual world: you must meet them
with a thinking adequate to the spiritual world. And this can already
be found in pure logical thinking. Seek out the possible varieties of
causes, and you can actually come to understand repeated earthly
lives, even in logical consequence.
Now
we remain with the great question which is opened up when we consider
the corpse. The corpse has become lifeless. External lifeless Nature
stands there before us in its crystals and manifold formations. Here
the great question arises: How is lifeless Nature related to the
corpse of Man?
Perhaps
you will find that it will lead you on a little in a direction
tending towards the answer, if you first seize the matter at the
second stage. Say to yourselves: I look at the world of plants around
me. Out of the wide spaces of the ether-universe, it bears within it
the forces to which my own ether-body returns. Away up yonder in the
ether-spaces, is the causative principle which gives the plants their
origin. There is the realm to which my ether-body goes when it has
served my life. Thither I go, whence — from the ether-spaces —
all the life of plants wells forth. Thither I go: that is, I am akin
to it. In fact, I can even say: something is there, up yonder.
Thither my ether-body goes. Thence comes the greening, springing,
sprouting world of plants. Yet there is a difference. I give up my
ether-body; the plants on the other hand receive the ether for their
life and growth. I, after my death, give my ether-body away; give it
away as a thing that is left behind. They on the other hand —
the plants-receive this ether-body, as that which gives them life.
They have their beginning from yonder realm whither I go with my
ending. The plants' beginning joins together with the human
ether-body's ending.
This
will bring near to you the question: Might it not also be so for the
mineral, for all the manifold crystal formations? Might I not ask:
perhaps this too is a beginning, in contrast to the ending which, of
myself, I leave behind as the physical corpse? Perhaps here too,
beginning and ending are joined together?
With
this question we will close for today, my dear friends. Tomorrow we
shall begin to enter quite thoroughly the question of human
destiny-so-called karma. I shall continue about karma. You will no
longer have to find your way through such a jungle of abstractions;
but you will also perceive that for a certain unfolding of thought
this was a necessary preparation.
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