POETRY
AND
THE
ARTOF
SPEECH
(Dornach, 6 April
1921)
The art of recitation and declamation, of which we are
going to say something this evening, is not at present accorded its
full status as an art-form. In our approach to this art we often
give too little consideration to exactly what is presented by the
poet and to the medium in which the reciter or declaimer has to be
artistically active. This moves us to consider the essentials of
the art of recitation and declamation – when, as you have
seen demonstrated many times, it presents itself as an accompanying
art to eurythmy. We then become deeply aware that recitation and
declamation must go beyond the prose content of a poem, which is
actually the poem’s thought-component. For to stress the
prose content turns the recitation and declamation of the poem into
something inartistic. When in reciting, as happens at the present
day, importance is attached to a prosaic stress on the meaning, this is an
indication of our having abandoned the domain of the truly
artistic. Let us be clear that a poet – if he is a true poet
– will certainly have had in his imagination (in the full
sense of the word) something which ultimately becomes apparent in
the recitation and declamation. A poet who only had in his soul the
thought-content, or the word-for-word content of feeling, and not
the inwardly heard sound- and word-movement of the poem, would
simply not be a poet at all. But it must also be made clear that
what is put before the reciter is, in the end, only a kind of score
or music-script – and that the art of recitation and
declamation must go beyond the script in the same way as a pianist
or other practising musician has to do. The re-creation is a new
creating and the new creation is a re-creating. A musician who
composes a piano work will, of course, also have in his
imagination the whole pattern of sound:
and whoever wishes to re-create his composition must make himself
familiar above all with the instrument itself and with its
characteristic sound-pattern and tone – of the piano in this
instance. He must comprehend the art of handling both the
instrument and its medium. And likewise the reciter must understand
the art of handling speech. His instrument is bound up much more
closely with his own being than are the external instruments of the
musician, and in deploying his particular instrument he will also
have to develop his own special characteristics. But he will have
to start with the handling of speech, the material by means of
which he can give expression to what reaches him from the poet only
as a sort of score. As regards the handling of speech, it will be
just as necessary to begin with the fundamentals as in the art of
piano-playing, though the study must in many respects be pursued
more intensively than in the case of learning the
piano.
We must also take into consideration that we are
now living in a time when much of what has hitherto lived
instinctively within the soul of man must be raised into
consciousness. There is still today in wide circles, and not least
among artists, a certain fear of this consciousness when it is
brought to bear on artistic, creative work. They
think that by introducing this sort of consciousness they will
injure instinctive, imaginative creation and cripple it; many
believe, too, that by becoming conscious of what really goes on in
the soul in artistic creation they will lose that spontaneity
essential to the creation of art.
There is certainly some truth in all this. But,
on the other hand, we must realise that what we are striving for in
the sphere of anthroposophical perception is a matter of
exceptional importance for our time and our civilisation. The slow
struggle toward the experience of what in our spiritual stream is
called Imagination weaves and lives in an element quite other than
the intellectual, so that artistic feeling need in no way be lost
when it is confronted with Imaginative experience. Indeed, if we
are dealing with genuine Imaginations it cannot be lost. For what
is disclosed in an Imagination with a view to knowledge is
objectively (not subjectively but objectively) different from the
Imagination manifested when the soul gives it an artistic
form.
If I may refer for a moment to
something personal: I would like to say that to me it was always
extremely distasteful if someone or other came along and tried to
interpret my Mystery Plays in a symbolic way and imported into them
all sorts of intellectual notions. For what lives in these Mystery
Plays is experienced Imaginatively – down to every single
sound. The picture stands there as a picture and has always stood
there as a picture. It would never have occurred to me to begin
with an intellectual idea and then fashion it into a
picture.
In that way I was
able to discover by experience how, when one is attempting to
impart artistic form, the Imaginative comes to be something
objectively quite different to the form assumed by an Imagination
that is directed toward cognition. Hence this prejudice, that
spontaneity and instinctive imagining will be impaired if one
raises artistic activity into consciousness, will have to be
overcome. Our times require that this prejudice should be overcome.
We may then perhaps be guided to the true foundations of
declamation and recitation, as it is in this direction that they
will have to be developed in the near future.
We cannot put recitation and declamation into
practice unless we fathom the fundamental differences presented in
poetry by, on the one side, lyric; on the second side, epic; and on
the third, the dramatic.
[Note 10]
Today we shall only
be able to present something of the lyric and the dramatic. We
shall then continue with something that might be called a
‘prose-poem’. There
were reasons for this choice. The epic will be considered
separately later on – indeed the epic can perhaps best
illustrate the art of recitation when once we have advanced beyond
the elementary stages of the art.
In order to penetrate to a real declamatory and
recitative art involving the lyric, dramatic and epic, the
following must be observed. Whoever aims at this
kind of vocal production must, for instance, develop a distinct
feeling for the connection between lyric and the constituents of
speech – and this he will achieve through a living experience
of the vowels. A feeling for the vowels, for the intimacy of the
vowels, must be sought if the lyrical is to be embodied and brought
to expression. For it is in the vowel sounds that man’s
essentially inward experience is expressed. In the single
vowel-sounds – when penetrated by a sensitive understanding,
a discerning sensibility – lies the whole spectrum of human
inner experience. In vocalisation (the sounding of the vowels)
lives everything which we might describe as coming from musical
experience and which is projected into the lyric. Lyrical
experience can definitely be traced back to musical experience. But
in musical experience we find inwardness being
unfolded in the movement of sound. In the lyric, we find inwardness
absorbed into the very substance of the vowel itself. Yet whoever wishes to approach recitation from
this point of view must avoid a certain error – and no
greater error in the art of recitation is conceivable. For when we
are learning how to handle the materials and elements of speech, we
might be tempted to commence by introducing an element of feeling,
to put subjective feeling into the vowel; and this is just what
would actually make it prosaic. This is the opposite approach to
that of recitation. Anyone who wishes to recite lyrical poetry must
have a sensitivity to the vowel itself. He must begin by
experiencing the vowel as such. Just as Goethe, for instance,
recognises different shades of feeling in the various shades of
colour, so we shall not only experience in the vowels different
shades of feeling, but utterly different conditions of soul,
different soul-contents. We shall feel every gradation, from sorrow
and bitterness to joy and jubilation, in our sensing of the vowels
and experience of what might be termed the vowel-scale.
It will be readily admitted that much of what I
am saying is often felt instinctively by the reciter when he comes
to apply his art in individual poems. But he will be able to
enhance his art significantly if he brings such a feeling to
conscious awareness. Through vocalisation something capable of
further development will be disclosed to him: he will discover how
a vowel sounding earlier on still sounds in the later vowels
– or a later vowel-sound modifies the earlier ones, etc.
However, these things must not be practised in the mechanical and
materialistic way often adopted nowadays, when various postures are
assumed, along with artificial breath-control. Everything the body
has to learn in this domain must derive purely from what is learnt
in working with speech itself. Just as a painter can learn most
when, instructed by an accomplished artist, he paints directly onto
the canvas and only touches his work up here and there, – so
too will the reciter best learn to recite by acquiring his grasp of
speech from speech itself: from actual speaking, from handling the
speech-movement. Afterwards, his attention can be drawn to any
particular detail relating to external, bodily control. It is a
curious tendency of our materialistic times first to move away from
the poem and adjust the instrument of speech and only then return
to artistic speaking. This aberration might almost be called
nonsense; it certainly does not derive from true artistic
feeling.
Furthermore, if it is with the help of the
vowel-sounds that we come to experience the lyric it is through the
consonants that we shall begin to get a feeling for the epic. Truly
to enter into the consonants is to experience over again, within
ourselves, what is going on outside us. And if we feel in the
consonantal element this peculiar imitation within us of the
outside world, we shall be led artistically from these elementary
constituents to an inner re-experiencing of what is also to be
found in the images of a far-ranging epos. I can only touch
upon this today; at another opportunity it can be referred to
again.
In this way it
will be possible to develop what ought to lie at the foundation of
recitation and declamation into a true art-form, down to its
handling of the constituents of speech. And it will necessarily
become clear to us, if we see the essential feature of this art in
the way it handles actual speech, that the nuances of the art will
show up in its response to the different languages – each
language having its own special recitative or declamatory
requirements. A language which is essentially mimetic, one which
takes its departure from the intellect and classification and has
developed language in the sphere of the intellect, a language which
has abstracted itself from what can be experienced in the outer
world, – such a language will have to tackle recitation and
declamation quite differently to one in which the sounds (vowels
and consonants) themselves express their relationship to inwardness
or to externality.
Now, in the first
part of what Frau Dr. Steiner is going to declaim, you will hear to
begin with something lyrical. From this you should actually be able
to hear how lyrical poems come to expression with varying nuances,
depending on the language in which they are presented. That will be
the first part of our programme – a performance of
essentially lyrical poems.
Three poems of Goethe’s youth.
BEHERZIGUNG
Ach, was soll der Mensch verlangen?
Ist es
besser, ruhig bleiben?
Klammernd fest sich anzuhangen?
Ist es besser, sich zu treiben?
Soll er sich ein Häuschen bauen?
Soll er unter Zelten leben?
Soll er auf die Felsen trauen?
Selbst die festen Felsen beben.
Eines schickt sich nicht für alle!
Sehe jeder wie er’s treibe,
Sehe jeder wo er
bleibe,
Und wer
steht, dass er nicht falle!
MEERES
STILLE
Tiefe Stille herrscht im Wasser,
Ohne
Regung ruht das Meer,
Und bekümmert
sieht der Schiffer
Glatte Fläche
rings umher.
Keine Luft von
keiner Seite!
Todesstille
fürchterlich!
In der
ungeheuern Weite
Reget
keine Welle sich.
MIT EINEM
GEMALTEN BAND
Kleine Blumen,
kleine Blätter
Streuen mir mit
leichter Hand
Gute junge
Frühlingsgötter
Tändelnd auf
ein luftig Band.
Zephyr,
nimm’s auf deine Flügel,
Schling’s um meiner Liebsten Kleid!
Und so
tritt sie vor den Spiegel
All in
ihrer Munterkeit.
Sieht mit Rosen
sich umgeben,
Selbst wie eine
Rose jung:
Einen Blick,
geliebtes Leben!
Und ich bin
belohnt genung.
Fühle, was dies Herz empfindet,
Reiche
frei mir deine Hand,
Und das
Band, das uns verbindet,
Sei kein
schwaches Rosenband!
A
little English lyric:
SONG
April, April,
Laugh thy girlish
laughter;
Then, the moment
after,
Weep thy girlish
tears!
April, that mine
ears
Like a
lover greetest,
If I tell thee,
sweetest,
All my hopes and
fears,
April,
April,
Laugh thy golden
laughter,
But, the moment
after,
Weep thy golden
tears!
William
Watson (1858-1935).
THE BELLS OF
ST. PETERSBURGH
Those evening bells! those evening
bells!
How many a tale their music tells,
Of youth, and home, and that sweet
time,
When last I heard their soothing
chime!
Those joyous hours are past away!
And many a heart, that then was gay,
Within the tomb now darkly dwells,
And
hears no more those evening bells!
And so
’twill be when I am gone;
That tuneful peal will still ring on,
While other bards shall walk these
dells,
And sing your praise, sweet evening
bells!
Thomas Moore (1799-1852).
An example of Russian lyric:
NILE
DELTA
Lucid gold and emerald,
and black
earth’s thick fecundity:
landscape aloof,
your wealth witheld
from ease, in
mute profundity…
Bosom laden with your fruit, –
how many slumberous shapes repose
secure in you, most lowly root,
or fertile corpses decompose?
Yet not for all
slow dissipation:
not those that
yearly upward flame,
like ghosts at
magic conjuration,
and vernal life
from death proclaim;
not Isis, crowned with flowers
supernal,
lush companions of the spring –
the Touch-me-not,
the Maid eternal,
the
Rainbow’s incandescent ring!
Vladimir Soloviov (1853-1900).
Trans.
Neil Thompson and A.J.W.
[Note 11]
[Of considerable interest too is the beautiful
German translation used in the original programme:
NILDELTA
Goldenglänzendes, smaragdenes,
Tief schwarzerdenes Gefild,
Deines Kraftens reicher Segen
Aus der Scholle quillt.
Dieser Schoss, der keimetragende,
Tote bergend in den Ton,
Er litt stumm, der allergebene,
Die jahrtausend lange Fron.
Doch nicht alles so Empfangene
Trugst empor du jedes Jahr.
Das vom alten Tod Gezeichnete
Sieht des Lenzes sich noch bar.
Isis nicht, die Kronen tragende,
Wird dir bringen jenen Kranz,
Doch die unberührte, ewige
Magd im Regenbogenglanz.
Trans. Marie
Steiner.]
WANDRERS
STURMLIED
Wen du nicht verlässest, Genius,
Nicht der Regen, nicht der Sturm
Haucht ihm Schauer übers Herz.
Wen du nicht verlässest, Genius,
Wird dem Regengewölk,
Wird dem
Schlossensturm
Entgegen
singen,
Wie die
Lerche,
Du da
droben.
Den du nicht verlässest, Genius,
Wirst ihn heben übern Schlammpfad
Mit den Feuerflügeln;
Wandeln wird
er
Wie mit
Blumenfüssen
Über Deukalions Flutschlamm,
Python tötend, leicht, gross,
Pythius Apollo.
Den du nicht
verlässest, Genius,
Wirst die wollnen
Flügel unterspreiten,
Wenn er auf dem
Felsen schläft,
Wirst mit Hüterfittichen ihn decken
In des Haines Mitternacht.
Wen du nicht verlässest, Genius,
Wirst im Schneegestöber
Wärmumhüllen;
Nach der Wärme ziehn sich Musen,
Nach der Wärme Charitinnen.
Umschwebet mich ihr Musen,
Ihr Charitinnen:
Das ist Wasser, das ist
Erde,
Und der Sohn des Wassers und der
Erde,
Über den ich
wandle
Göttergleich.
Ihr seid rein, wie das Herz der Wasser,
Ihr seid rein, wie das Mark der Erde,
Ihr umschwebt mich und ich schwebe
Über Wasser, über Erde,
Göttergleich.
Soll der zurückkehren,
Der kleine, schwarze, feurige Bauer?
Soll der zurückkehren, erwartend
Nur deine Gaben, Vater Bromius,
Und helleuchtend umwärmend Feuer?
Der kehren mutig?
Und ich, den ihr begleitet,
Musen und Charitinnen alle,
Den alles erwartet, was ihr,
Musen und Charitinnen,
Umkränzende
Seligkeit
Rings ums Leben verherrlicht
habt,
Soll mutlos
kehren?
Vater Bromius!
Du bist Genius,
Jahrhunderts Genius,
Bist, was innre Glut
Pindarn war,
Was der Welt
Phöbus Apoll
ist.
Weh! Weh! Innre
Wärme,
Seelenwärme,
Mittelpunkt:
Glüh’ entgegen
Phöb’ Apollen;
Kalt wird sonst
Sein
Fürstenblick
Über dich vorübergleiten,
Neidgetroffen
Auf der Ceder Kraft
verweilen,
Die zu grünen
Sein nicht harrt.
Warum nennt mein Lied dich
zuletzt?
Dich, von dem es
begann,
Dich, in dem es
endet,
Dich, aus dem es
quillt,
Jupiter Pluvius!
Dich, dich strömt mein
Lied,
Und kastalischer
Quell
Rinnt ein
Nebenbach,
Rinnet Müssigen,
Sterblich Glücklichen
Abseits von dir,
Der du mich fassend
deckst,
Jupiter Pluvius!
Nicht am Ulmenbaum
Hast du ihn besucht,
Mit dem Taubenpaar
In dem zärtlichen
Arm,
Mit der freundlichen Ros’
umkränzt,
Tändelnden ihn,
blumenglücklichen
Anakreon,
Sturmatmende
Gottheit!
Nicht im Pappelwald
An des Sybaris
Strand,
An des Gebirges
Sonnebeglänzter Stirn nicht
Fasstest du ihn,
Den bienensingenden,
Honig-lallenden,
Freundlich winkenden
Theokrit.
Wenn die Räder rasselten,
Rad an Rad rasch ums Ziel weg,
Hoch flog
Siegdurchglühter
Jünglinge Peitschenknall,
Und sich Staub wälzt’,
Wie vom Gebirg herab
Kieselwetter ins Tal,
—
Glühte deine Seel’
Gefahren, Pindar
Mut. — Glühte?
—
Armes Herz!
Dort auf dem Hügel,
Himmlische Macht!
Nur so viel Glut,
Dort meine Hütte,
Dorthin zu waten!
Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe.
[For such lyrical intensity and power in
English this famous ode remains unsurpassed:
ODE TO THE
WEST WIND
I
O wild
West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being,
Thou,
from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are
driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Yellow,
and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,
Who
chariotest to their dark wintry bed
The
winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each
like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine
azure sister of the Spring shall blow
Her
clarion o’er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With
living hues and odours plain and hill:
Wild
Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!
II
Thou on
whose stream, ’mid the steep sky’s
commotion,
Loose
clouds like earth’s decaying leaves are shed,
Shook
from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,
Angels
of rain and lightning: there are spread
On the
blue surface of thine aery surge,
Like
the bright hair uplifted from the head
Of some fierce Maenad, even from
the dim verge
Of the horizon to the
zenith’s height,
The locks of the approaching storm.
Thou dirge
Of the dying year, to which this
closing night
Will be the dome of a vast
sepulchre,
Vaulted with all thy congregated
might
Of
vapours, from whose solid atmosphere
Black rain, and fire, and hail will
burst: oh, hear!
III
Thou
who didst waken from his summer dreams
The
blue Mediterranean, where he lay,
Lulled by the coil of his
crystalline streams,
Beside
a pumice isle in Baiae’s bay,
And saw
in sleep old palaces and towers
Quivering within the wave’s
intenser day,
All
overgrown with azure moss and flowers
So
sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou
For
whose path the Atlantic’s level powers
Cleave themselves into chasms,
while far below
The sea-blooms and the oozy woods
which wear
The sapless foliage of the ocean,
know
Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray
with fear,
And tremble and despoil themselves:
oh, hear!
IV
If I
were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I
were a swift cloud to fly with thee;
A wave
to pant beneath thy power, and spare
The
impulse of thy strength, only less free
Than
thou, O uncontrollable! If even
I were
as in my boyhood, and could be
The
comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,
As
then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed
Scarce
seemed a vision; I would ne’er have striven
As thus
with thee in prayer in my sore need.
Oh,
lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall
upon the thorns of life: I bleed!
A heavy
weight of hours has chained and bowed
One too
like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.
V
Make me
thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if
my leaves are falling like its own!
The
tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will
take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet
though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My
spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive
my dead thoughts over the universe
Like
withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by
the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes
and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be
through my lips to unawakened earth
The
trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind,
If
Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
Percy Bysshe
Shelley (1792-1822).]
When studying poetry with a view to
artistic declamation, it is of primary importance to lose nothing
of what wells up in the words from the poet’s soul, or is
contained in what is given to us by him. Recitation, as well as
poetry itself, will only become artistic when everything that the
soul expresses in the prose content is recast into form, into
something formed. In the lyric it must go more into the musical. In
the epic and particularly in the dramatic, more into imagery, into
what has been given a definite form. The lyrical, as I said,
inclines toward the vowel-sounds; but we must not forget that every
consonant also has in it a vowel-element. In every consonant there
lies a disposition toward a vowel and every vowel has a tendency
toward a consonant. Consequently through art, just as in other
spheres where something similar is effected, the opposition between
subjective and objective will be completely overcome. The whole
inner being of man will be able to live in the outer world and the
outer world will be brought to expression in its full strength
through the inner being of man.
Speaking about the art of reciting
in our course last autumn, I drew your attention to the universal,
cosmic rhythm which is expressed in the rhythmic system of man.
Furthermore, I showed how this comes to find expression in poetry
– and thence, of course, in recitation as the manifestation
of poetic art. We may say that an element with a more spiritual
tendency (since the spirit manifests itself in everything physical)
unfolds in the tempo of the human pulse-beat; while something more
psychic, we may also say, something that takes its course in the
soul, unfolds in the rhythm of breathing. A greater part of what is
expressed in poetic form depends on the interplay between the
rhythms of the pulse and breathing and the ratio of one to the
other. And it is in the hexameter that the primary and most
self-evident ratio between pulse-rhythm and breathing-rhythm is
displayed. Fundamentally the hexameter involves two breaths, with
four pulse-beats to each breath and this, of course, is the natural
ratio between human breathing and the pulse.
In this way, what wells up in
poetry comes to actual corporeal utterance. And conversely, the
poetic must come to expression through recitation and declamation
out of the human being as a whole. It is as if the pulse-rhythm
were playing upon the breathing-rhythm – rhythm on rhythm.
And what lives in rhythm is expressed again in the musicality of
speech, in lyrical poetry. All the prose content of a poem must be
led back to this inner rhythmic treatment of metre and tempo.
Everything that lies in the what of the content must also
lie in the how of the performance, so that in discovering
the one in the other there is really an experience of the whole.
[Note 12]
If, in poetry or reciting, we find ourselves having to exert our
intellect to grasp the merely word-for-word content, then the
artistic is at that point disrupted.
This should really be ever-present
in our mind when in any field of art we have to struggle through
from inartistic content to genuine artistic form or to what has
been permeated by the element of music. The latter is especially
evident in reciting or declaiming a
poem that is lyrical in origin.
In the case of dramatic art, too,
its own artistic forms must be represented when it is expressed in
speech-formation. In fact we can say: Recitation as an independent
art must take account of the way that it evolves the dramatic
rather differently from how it is evolved in a fully staged
production. Yet the essence of the stage-production must appear in
the way the speech is handled – in the recitative-declamatory
treatment of the drama.
What do we actually have before us
when we consider poetic drama? It is essentially something that
only comes into existence through the characters on
stage – or, if we do not see the drama with our eyes and hear
it with our ears, through what our imagination has picked up from
the poetic language and set in its totality before our souls.
Everything must flow in moving form. But although the drama is only
complete when presented on stage, we must realise all the same that
everything standing before us, the persons on the stage, everything
we hear, is fundamentally the expression of a
soul-quality. The soul-quality which evolves as drama, in the
separate characters and in their interaction – this is really
the essential content of the drama.
At this point it becomes necessary to take note
of what actually goes on in the soul. What goes on there,
especially in the re-creation of a drama, is something imaginative;
and this is so even when it is only
with the poetry that we are concerned. On the stage the
presentation must be pictorial. But here, too, what is spoken is a
pictorial representation of what lives in the poet’s soul.
What is presented on the stage is effective, not through its
reality, but through what derives from the ’fair
seeming’:
[Note 13]
it is imaginative despite its reality.
And when the dramatic forms come before our souls as images –
that too is imaginative, albeit in a special sense. Imagination is
not experienced in its true being, but as a projection into our
souls in image-form. In the same way a shadow thrown onto the wall
by a three-dimensional object is related to the object itself,
though in no way containing what lives in the object;
as a good two-dimensional portrayal contains everything its
three-dimensional subject has: so what is represented in our
imaginings contains the shadow thrown there by imagination.
The stage presentation is
fundamentally nothing but an external, corporeal representation of
what lives in these images and for this reason we feel an aversion
(if we have any healthy feeling for such things) whenever in the
drama external reality is merely imitated naturalistically.
Dramatic art can no more tolerate realistic imitation than can the
other arts of speech – though these are less liable to such
difficulties. And when, as in our times, the tendency toward
realism has so often emerged in drama productions, and we have seen
Schiller’s characters shown on stage with their hands in
their pockets! When an attempt has been made to produce a realistic
imitation of external, physical nature, this only shows that we
have strayed from a genuinely aesthetic perception, and little by
little in the general course of civilisation lost the truly
artistic.
It is possible to adopt a
materialistic world-conception, and in a certain sense this is
appropriate for the external organic world. In outer life it is
possible to be realistic, but it is not so in art. For what we then
produce is no longer in the domain of art at all – and this
can be seen both in the drama itself and in the way speech is
handled in these dramatic productions.
It is really a matter of putting
everything an artistic speech-formation can achieve into the
treatment of the language. This comprises the most varied elements.
I should only like to point out a few details – our limited
time does not allow more. There may exist, for example, in what is
presented through speech-formation, a sort of average tempo. We
feel this and starting from this average tempo we can effect a
transition to a quicker one, to a more rapid delivery of the words,
or to a slower one. The first, the more rapid delivery, always
expresses a kind of going-out of the human “I” –
a going out from oneself and widely extending oneself. Naturally
one can feel this in different ways: as a separation, for example,
from some thing one longs to reach. A slowing-down of the words,
notably in dramatic speech, will present a kind of
being-within-oneself. Everything expressed in a self-collected
contemplation, a resting within oneself, will be connected with a
slowing-down of the tempo.
Another formative principle lies in the raising
or lowering of the pitch. The first is connected with the
spiritualisation of an inner experience, with an ascending of the
“I” above itself. Going out of oneself in wide
extension is connected with the tempo: and ascending above oneself
is associated with a rising in pitch. Everything in the content
which strives toward spiritualisation (even if only a
spiritualisation in which the human intellect is overpowered by the
will, by ardour, by enthusiasm) will bring itself to formative
expression in raising the pitch. And when a human being sinks below
the level of his ordinary life, whether in sorrow or in inwardness,
this will be connected with a fall in pitch. All this will
find particular expression in
dramatic art and everything dramatic speech-formation demands will
have to flow into the element of form – so that everything
must be grasped, not by the sheer power of intellect, but as an
expression of this formative treatment of speech – and of
course, if it is a matter of stage production, through the
gestures. It will all flow into this special way of speaking, so
that in the very speech we can feel what the content is. It will
not be very easy to bring certain things in dramatic art to
perfection, because (as Aristotle already knew) drama has to do
with causal connections in life; and for this reason what may be
called the dramatic score, in the sense we spoke of earlier as that
which has to be realised, is very largely based on an implicit
understanding and discernment. It must be transformed into
something that can be attained through the speech-formation itself:
through tempo, metre, rhythm, the rise and fall of the pitch, etc.
It is from the speech-formation that the images which arise before
the soul must flow.
We must enter into such intimacies of human life
if we wish to find the truly artistic. Dramatic art itself, because
it is lifted out of physical experience through imagination (even
if only a reflection, a shadowy image of true imagination) can only
become effective if it shows itself in the style, in the handling
of the speech.
Hence in dramatic art, even down to the
treatment of speech, it is for dramatic style that one will have to
cultivate a special sense. Style, not realism, must be
all-important. Hence we can say that what has been developed in the
way of dramatic style in the French theatre and has been imitated
in other languages, what culminated in the classical
French presentation of tragedy can stand before us like a model
from which to learn the formation of a dramatic style. From the
style in which the French classics were, until quite recently,
presented on the French stage (and after them the non-classical
drama too), we shall be able to obtain a good idea of how a
uniquely dramatic mode stands out against naturalistic speech, such
as depends on intellectual understanding rather than the element of
form.
Two passages, taken from the German and the
French, will exemplify what I have roughly tried to indicate as
regards dramatic style and the dramatic treatment of
speech.
Recitation
by Marie Steiner.
From
Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell, Act IV, Scene 5:
TELL (enters with his crossbow):
Durch diese hohle Gasse muss er
kommen;
Es
führt kein andrer Weg nach Küssnacht –
Hier
Vollend’ ich’s. – Die Gelegenheit ist
günstig.
Dort der
Holunderstrauch verbirgt mich ihm,
Von dort
herab kann ihn mein Pfeil erlangen;
Des Weges
Enge wehret den Verfolgern.
Mach deine
Rechnung mit dem Himmel, Vogt,
Fort musst
du, deine Uhr ist abgelaufen.
Ich lebte
still und harmlos – Das Geschoss
War auf
des Waldes Tiere nur gerichtet,
Meine
Gedanken waren rein von Mord –
Du hast
aus meinem Frieden mich heraus
Geschreckt, in gärend Drachengift hast du
Die Milch
der frommen Denkart mir verwandelt,
Zum
Ungeheuren hast du mich gewöhnt –
Wer sich
des Kindes Haupt zum Ziele setzte,
Der kann
auch treffen in das Herz des Feinds.
Die armen
Kindlein, die unschuldigen,
Das treue
Weib muss ich vor deiner Wut
Beschützen, Landvogt! –
Da, als ich den Bogenstrang
Anzog – als mir die Hand
erzitterte –
Als du mit grausam teufelischer
Lust
Mich zwangst, aufs Haupt des Kindes
anzulegen –
Als ich ohnmächtig flehend
rang vor dir,
Damals
gelobt’ ich mir in meinem Innern
Mit furchtbarm Eidschwur, den nur Gott
gehört,
Dass meines nächsten Schusses
erstes Ziel
Dein Herz sein sollte. – Was
ich mir gelobt
In jenes Augenblickes
Höllenqualen,
Ist eine
heil’ge Schuld – ich will sie zahlen.
Du bist
mein Herr und meines Kaisers Vogt;
Doch nicht
der Kaiser hätte sich erlaubt,
Was
du. – Er sandte dich in diese Lande,
Um Hecht
zu sprechen – strenges, denn er zürnet
–
Doch nicht
um mit der mörderischen Lust
Dich jedes Greuels straflos zu
erfrechen;
Es lebt ein Gott, zu strafen und zu
rächen.
Komm du
hervor, du Bringer bittrer Schmerzen,
Mein
teures Kleinod jetzt, mein höchster Schatz –
Ein Ziel
will ich dir geben, das bis jetzt
Der frommen Bitte undurchdringlich
war –
Doch dir soll es nicht
widerstehn. – Und du,
Vertraute Bogensehne, die so
oft
Mir treu gedient hat in der Freude
Spielen,
Verlass mich nicht im
fürchterlichen Ernst:
Nur jetzt noch halte fest, du
treuer Strang,
Der mir so oft den herben Pfeil
beflügelt –
Entränn’ er jetzo
kraftlos meinen Händen,
Ich habe keinen zweiten zu
versenden.
(Wanderers
pass over the stage.)
Auf dieser
Bank von Stein will ich mich setzen,
Dem
Wanderer zur kurzen Ruh bereitet –
Denn hier ist keine Heimat. –
Jeder treibt
Sich an dem andern rasch und fremd
vorüber
Und fraget
nicht nach seinem Schmerz. – Hier geht
Der
sorgenvolle Kaufmann und der leicht
Geschürzte Pilger – der andächtige
Mönch,
Der düstre Räuber und der
heitre Spielmann,
Der Säumer mit dem
schwerbeladnen Ross,
Der ferne herkommt von der Menschen
Ländern,
Denn jede Strasse führt ans
End’ der Welt.
Sie alle ziehen ihres Weges
fort
An ihr Geschäft – und
meines ist der Mord’. (Sits down)
– Sonst, wenn der Vater auszog, liebe Kinder,
Da war ein
Freuen, wenn er wiederkam;
Denn
niemals kehrt’ er heim, er bracht’ euch
etwas,
Warts eine
schöne Alpenblume, war’s
Ein seltner Vogel oder
Ammonshorn,
Wie es der Wandrer findet auf den
Bergen –
Jetzt geht er einem andern Weidwerk
nach,
Am wilden Weg sitzt er mit
Mordgedanken;
Des Feindes Leben ist’s,
worauf er lauert.
– Und doch an euch nur
denkt er, liebe Kinder,
Auch jetzt – euch zu
verteidigen, eure holde Unschuld
Zu schützen vor der Rache des
Tyrannen,
Will er zum Morde jetzt den Bogen
spannen. (Stands up).
Ich laure auf ein edles Wild. – Lässt
sich’s
Der
Jäger nicht verdriessen, tagelang
Umher zu streifen in des Winters
Strenge,
Von Fels zu Fels den Wagesprung zu
tun,
Hinan zu klimmen an den glatten
Wänden,
Wo er sich anleimt mit dem eignen
Blut,
– Um
ein armselig Grattier zu erjagen. Hier
gilt es
einen köstlicheren Preis, Das Herz des
Todfeinds,
der mich will verderben.
(Gay music in the distance coming
nearer.)
Mein
ganzes Lebelang hab’ ich den Bogen
Gehandhabt, mich geübt nach
Schützenregel;
Ich habe
oft geschossen in das Schwarze
Und
manchen schönen Preis mir heimgebracht
Vom
Freudenschiessen. – Aber heute will ich
Den
Meisterschuss tun und das beste mir
Im ganzen Umkreis des Gebirgs gewinnen.
Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805).
[A speech from Dryden’s All for Love:
or, The World Well Lost (his “imitation” of
Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra) may stand here as
a sample of the Neoclassical drama in England. It comprises Act I,
Scene i, 237ff:
ANTONY (having thrown
himself down) :
Lye there, thou shadow of an Emperor;
The place thou pressest on thy
Mother-earth
Is all thy Empire now: now it contains
thee;
Some few days hence, and then ’twill be
too large,
When thou’rt contracted in thy narrow
Urn,
Shrunk to a few cold Ashes; then
Octavia,
(For Cleopatra will not live to see
it)
Octavia then
will have thee all her own,
And bear thee in her Widow’d hand to
Caesar;
Caesar will
weep, the Crocodile will weep,
To see his Rival of the Universe
Lie still and peaceful there.
I’le think no more on’t.
Give me some Musick; look that it
be sad:
I’le sooth my Melancholy till
I swell,
And burst my self with sighing
—
Soft Musick
‘Tis somewhat to my humor.
Stay, I fancy
I’m now turn’d wild, a Commoner of
Nature;
Of all forsaken, and forsaking all;
Live in a shady
Forest’s Sylvan
Scene,
Stretch’d at my length beneath some
blasted Oke;
I lean my head upon the Mossy Bark,
And look just of a piece, as I grew
from it:
My uncomb’d Locks, matted like
Misleto,
Hang o’re my hoary Face; a mirm’ring
Brook
Runs at my foot…
The Herd come jumping by me,
And fearless, quench their thirst, while I look
on,
And take me for their fellow-Citizen,
More of this
Image, more; it lulls my thoughts.
(Soft Musick again)
John Dryden
(1631-1700).]
From Le Cid, Act III, Scene 4:
CHIMÈNE: Ah!
Rodrigue, il est vrai, quoique ton ennemie,
Je ne puis te blâmer d’avoir fui
l’infamie;
Et, de quelque façon qu’éclatent
mes douleurs,
Je ne t’accuse point, je pleure mes
malheurs.
Je sais ce que l’honneur, aprés un
tel outrage,
Demandait à 1’ardeur d’un
généreux courage:
Tu n’as fait le devoir que d’un
homme de bien;
Mais aussi, le faisant, tu m’as appris le
mien.
Ta funeste valeur m’instruit par ta
victoire;
Elle a vengé ton père et soutenu ta
gloire:
Même soin me regarde, et j’ai, pour
m’affliger,
Ma gloire à soutenir, et mon père
à venger.
Hélas! ton intérêt ici me
désespère:
Si quelque autre malheur m’avait ravi mon
père,
Mon âme aurait trouvé dans le bien de
te voir
L’unique allégement qu’elle
eût pu recevoir;
Et contre ma douleur j’aurais senti des
charmes
Quand une main si chére eût
essuyé mes larmes.
Mais il me faut te perdre après
l’avoir perdu;
Cet effort sur ma flamme a mon honneur est
dû;
Et cet affreux devoir, dont l’ordre
m’assassine,
Me force à travailler moi-même à
ta ruine.
Car enfin n’attends pas de mon
affection
De lâches sentiments pour ta
punition.
De quoi qu’en ta faveur notre amour
m’entretienne,
Ma générosité doit répondre
à la tienne:
Tu t’es, en m’offensant, montré
digne de moi;
Je me dois, par ta mort, montrer digne de
toi.
RODRIGUE: Ne
diffère donc plus ce que l’honneur
t’ordonne:
demande ma tête, et je te
l’abandonne;
Fais-en un
sacrifice a ce noble intérêt;
Le coup m’en sera doux, aussi bien que
l’arrêt.
Attendre après mon crime une lente
justice,
C’est reculer ta gloire autant que mon
supplice.
Je mourrai trop heureux, mourant d’un coup
si beau.
CHIMÈNE:
Va, je suis ta partie, et non pas ton bourreau.
Si tu m’offres ta tête, est-ce à
moi de la prendre?
Je la dois attaquer, mais tu dois la
défendre:
C’est d’un autre que toi qu’il
me faut l’obtenir
Et je dois te
poursuivre, et non pas te punir.
RODRIGUE: De quoi
qu’en ma faveur notre amour t’entretienne.
Ta générosité doit répondre
à la mienne;
Et, pour venger un père, emprunter
d’autres bras
Ma Chimène, crois-moi, c’est
n’y répondre pas.
Ma main seule du mien a su venger
l’offense,
Ta main seule du tien doit prendre la vengeance.
CHIMÈNE:
Cruel! à quel propos sur ce point t’obstiner?
Tu t’es vengé sans aide, et tu
m’en veux donner!
Je suivrai ton exemple, et j’ai trop de
courage
Pour souffrir qu’avec toi ma gloire se
partage.
Mon père et mon honneur ne veulent rien
devoir
Aux traits de ton amour ni de ton
désespoir.
RODRIGUE:
Rigoureux point d’honneur. Hélas! quoi que je
fasse.
Ne pourrai-je à la fin obtenir cette
grâce?
Au nom d’un père mort, ou de notre
amitié
Punis-moi par vengeance, ou du moins par
pitié.
Ton malheureux amant aura bien moins de
peine
A mourir par ta main qu’à vivre avec ta haine.
CHIMÈNE:
Va, je ne te hais
point.
RODRIGUE:
Tu le dois.
CHIMÈNE:
Je ne puis.
Pierre Corneille
(1606-1684).
We shall continue now with
something about the prose-poem. Here it is a matter of something in
the artist’s soul which he experiences as poetry, but which
cannot be expressed in any of the art-forms generally employed.
Although put into prose, it is nonetheless a genuinely poetic art
that is brought to expression in this form. But anything cast in
the form of a prose-poem will need special treatment when it is
expressed in speech-formation. It is almost universally –
though quite erroneously – assumed that the recitation or
declamation of prose-poems is something easy to accomplish. In
reality, the recitative-declamatory speaking of prose-poetry is the
most difficult, as it represents the most intimate form of the art.
Everything that comes to light in lyric, dramatic or epic
speech-formation, whether of a more delicate or more profound
nature, must form a synthesis whenever a prose-poem is to be
presented in oral production. In recitation of this kind everything
that is to be found in verse, or any form of poetic art, will sound
forth – but with a more delicate shading.
In this way, merely touching upon
what otherwise appears in the recitation and declamation with
stronger emphasis, with more marked contours – by giving this
only gentle emphasis – the recital will become
essentially suffused with soul. Suffused with soul!
The artistic recital of
prose-poetry must become much more soul-filled: it must occasion
our going beyond the conceptual understanding of the words toward
something imaginative. The energetic impetus that underlies logical
inference, for example, leads toward an image-forming experience;
[Note 14]
and at the
same time there sounds through softly, as something musical, the
octave. The image-forming treatment of speech in a prose-poem, when
presented in recitation or declamation, is like a continually
flowing stream with its even waves. And, as if from the depths,
other waves arise, bringing variation into its even flow –
this is the delicate musical element which should become
perceptible in this kind of recitation. In speaking a prose-poem
with poetic sensibility, the more intimate features of a language
will come to light and the raising of what looks like a prose
production into a poetical work, into the realm of art and poetry,
is something of a triumph which man can give to his language. What
we may call the soul of a language finds a very adequate embodiment
there.
We will now take an example – from The
Apprentices of Sais by Novalis. In this novel, which remained
unfinished, there is a wonderful little passage of prose in which
all that I have tried to indicate about the recitation and
declamation of prose-poems comes into prominence. The essential
thing is that everything which otherwise comes to light in the
reciting of poetry is transformed, through acquiring a more
intimate character, into a particular mood or feeling. Everything,
on the other hand, that serves to differentiate the mood will be
taken up into the totality of the mood as a whole. Something like
this can be attempted in an outstanding piece of prose like the
fairy-tale in Novalis’ The Apprentices of Sais. In
this wonderful fairy-tale, as in so much that has come to us from
Novalis, is revealed the whole depth of his soul.
The handsome youth Hyacinth loves the maiden Rosepetal. It
is a love cherished in secret – only the flowers and the
animals of the forest know of the love of the handsome youth for
the maiden Rosepetal. And then there appears a man with a long
beard, who makes a wondrous impression and tells marvellous
stories, in which the handsome youth Hyacinth becomes completely
immersed. He is seized with a great longing for the veiled Virgin,
for the veiled image of Truth. His soul trembles with longing,
which also enlarges his vision so that he becomes estranged from
his immediate surroundings, and his heart yearns for the image of
the veiled Virgin. He forsakes Rosepetal, who remains behind weeping. He wanders
through all sorts of unknown regions, and comes to know many things
on his way; and at last he arrives at the
Temple of Isis. Everything seems familiar to him,
and yet different from what he had experienced before – it
seems so much more splendid. And behold! he ventures to lift the
veil! and Rosepetal falls into his arms.
It would be hard to represent with
more intimate feeling the expansion of the soul out of her
subjectivity into the wide universe; it would be hard to represent
more intimately the longing of man for truth – hard to link
more closely what man can experience when he rises to the highest
spheres of truth with what he lives through in his most direct,
intimate day-to-day experiences. All that is needed is sufficient
intimacy of soul. What is expressed in this prose fairy-tale can
only be brought to light by a soul such as that of Novalis, who
really felt everyday life in such a way that it was for him a
direct expression of the eternal. Novalis, after his first love had
died, was able in inward truth of soul to live with her and to feel
the direct presence of one who was in the other world as if she
were in this world. Novalis’ soul was truly able to
experience the super-sensible in the sensible and so raise what
belongs to the sense-world to assume the character of the
super-sensible. Everything flowed together in Novalis: striving
after truth, striving after beauty and religious ardour. Only if we
understand his comprehensiveness do we understand Novalis. Hence
there could arise the remarkable feeling which resounds through
The Apprentices of Sais, and wrests itself from
Novalis’s soul: man has felt that in the image of Isis truth
is veiled; “I am the past, the present and the future, no
mortal as yet has lifted my veil” – that is the
pronouncement of the veiled Isis and Novalis was sensible of it.
Confronted with “No mortal as yet has lifted my veil”,
Novalis responded with “Then we must become immortal”.
Novalis never despaired of the soul’s ability to lift the
veil of truth: but the soul must first become immediately aware of
her own immortality. A man who experiences his immortality in
himself may, in the sense of Novalis, lift the veil of truth. It is
a powerful saying – “Then we must become
immortal”.
What lives in this feeling in a
far-reaching way meets us again in an intimate mood when the
handsome youth Hyacinth comes to the Temple of Isisafter long dream-wanderings through
unknown regions, which are nonetheless familiar to him, though now
appearing more splendid than he had once known. He comes to
the Temple
of Isis, lifts the veil and what he knows
and loves – Rosepetal – comes to meet him. Yet, as we
can envisage and feel intimately in this prose fairy-tale, she has
become through this experience of eternity much more splendid than
she once was.
Truly it is a prose-poem conceived
in a mood where the highest to which man can aspire takes the form
of the most intimate – one of the fairest flowers of poetic
prose, demonstrating that, in what is apparently prose, true poetry
can be expressed.
From Die Lehrlinge zu
Sais:
DAS MÄRCHEN VON HYAZINTH UND ROSENBLÜTE
Vor langen Zeiten lebte weit gegen Abend ein
blutjunger Mensch. Er war sehr gut, aber auch über die Massen
wunderlich. Er grämte sich unaufhorlich um nichts und wieder
nichts, ging immer still für sich hin, setzte sich einsam,
wenn die andern spielten und fröhlich waren, und hing
seltsamen Dingen nach. Höhlen und Wälder waren sein
liebster Aufenthalt, und dann sprach er immerfort mit Tieren und
Vögeln, mit Bäumen und Felsen, natürlich kein
vernünftiges Wort, lauter närrisches Zeug zum
Totlachen.
Er blieb aber immer mürrisch und ernsthaft,
ungeachtet sich das Eichhörnchen, die
Meerkatze, der Papagei und der Gimpel alle Mühe gaben, ihn zu
zerstreuen und ihn auf den richtigen Weg zu weisen. Die Gans
erzählte Märchen, der Bach klimperte eine Ballade
dazwischen, ein grosser dicker Stein machte lächerliche
Bockssprünge, die Rose schlich sich freundlich hinter ihm
herum, kroch durch seine Locken, und der Efeu streichelte ihm die
sorgenvolle Stirn. — Allein der Missmut und Ernst waren
hartnäckig. Seine Eltern waren sehr betrübt, sie wussten
nicht, was sie anfangen sollten. Er war gesund und
ass, nie hatten sie ihn beleidigt, er war auch bis vor wenig Jahren
fröhlich und lustig gewesen, wie keiner; bei allen Spielen
voran, von allen Mädchen gern gesehn. Er
war recht bildschön, sah aus wie gemalt, tanzte wie ein
Schatz.
Unter den Mädchen war eine, ein
köstliches, bildschönes Kind, sah aus wie Wachs, Haare
wie goldne Seide, kirschrote Lippen, wie ein Püppchen
gewachsen, brandrabenschwarze Augen. Wer sie sah, hätte
mögen vergehn, so lieblich war sie.
Damals war Rosenblüte, so hiess sie, dem
bildschönen Hyazinth, so hiess er, von Herzen gut, und er
hatte sie lieb zum Sterben. Die andern Kinder wussten’s
nicht. Ein Veilchen hatte es ihnen zuerst gesagt, die
Hauskätzchen hatten es wohl gemerkt, die Häuser ihrer
Eltern lagen nahe beisammen. Wenn nun Hyazinth die Nacht an seinem
Fenster stand und Rosenblüte an ihrem, und die Kätzchen
auf den Mäusefang da vorbeiliefen, da sahen sie die beiden
stehn und lachten und kicherten oft so laut, dass sie es
hörten und böse wurden. Das Veilchen hatte es
der Erdbeere im Vertrauen gesagt, die sagte es ihrer Freundin, der
Stachelbeere, die liess nun das Sticheln nicht, wenn Hyazinth
gegangen kam; so erfuhr’s denn bald der ganze Garten und der
Wald, und wenn Hyazinth ausging, so rief’s von allen Seiten:
Rosenblütchen ist mein Schätzchen! Nun ärgerte sich
Hyazinth und musste doch auch wieder aus Herzensgrunde lachen, wenn
das Eidechschen geschlüpft kam, sich auf einen warmen Stein
setzte, mit dem Schwänzchen wedelte und
sang:
Rosenblütchen, das gute Kind,
Ist geworden auf einmal blind,
Denkt, die Mutter sei Hyazinth,
Fällt ihm um den Hals geschwind;
Merkt sie aber das fremde Gesicht,
Denkt nur an, da erschrickt sie nicht,
Fährt, als merkte sie kein Wort,
Immer nur mit Küssen fort.
Ach! wie bald war die Herrlichkeit vorbei. Es kam
ein Mann aus fremden Landen gegangen, der war erstaunlich weit
gereist, hatte einen langen Bart, tiefe Augen, entsetzliche
Augenbrauen, ein wunderliches Kleid mit vielen Falten und
seltsamen Figuren hineingewebt. Er
setzte sich vor das Haus, das Hyazinths Eltern gehörte. Nun
war Hyazinth sehr neugierig und setzte sich zu ihm und holte ihm
Brot und Wein. Da tat er seinen weissen Bart
voneinander und erzählte bis tief in die Nacht, und Hyazinth
wich und wankte nicht und wurde auch nicht müde
zuzuhören. So viel man nachher vernahm, so hat er viel von
fremden Ländern, unbekannten Gegenden, von erstaunlich
wunderbaren Sachen erzählt und ist drei Tage dageblieben und
mit Hyazinth in tiefe Schachten hinuntergekrochen. Rosenblütchen
hat genug den alten Hexenmeister verwünscht, denn Hyazinth ist
ganz versessen auf seine Gespräche gewesen und hat sich um
nichts bekümmert; kaum dass er ein wenig Speise zu sich
genommen. Endlich hat jener sich fortgemacht, doch dem Hyazinth ein
Büchelchen dagelassen, das kein Mensch lesen konnte. Dieser
hat ihm noch Früchte, Brot und Wein mitgegeben und ihn weit
weg begleitet. Und dann ist er tiefsinnig zurückgekommen und hat einen ganz neuen
Lebenswandel begonnen. Rosenblütchen hat recht zum Erbarmen um
ihn getan, denn von der Zeit an hat er sich wenig aus ihr gemacht
und ist immer für sich geblieben.
Nun begab sich’s, dass er einmal nach Hause
kam und war wie neu geboren. Er fiel seinen Eltern um den Hals und
weinte. ‘Ich muss fort in fremde Lande’, sagte er,
‘die alte wunderliche Frau im Walde hat mir erzählt, wie
ich gesund werden müsste, das Buch hat sie ins Feuer geworfen
und hat mich getrieben, zu euch zu gehn und euch um euren Segen zu
bitten. Vielleicht komme ich bald, vielleicht nie wieder.
Grüsst Rosenblütchen. Ich hätte sie gern gesprochen,
ich weiss nicht, wie mir ist, es drängt mich fort; wenn ich an
die alten Zeiten zurückdenken will, so kommen gleich
mächtigere Gedanken dazwischen, die Ruhe ist fort, Herz und
Liebe mit, ich muss sie suchen gehn. Ich wollt euch gern sagen,
wohin, ich weiss selbst nicht, dahin wo die Mutter der Dinge wohnt,
die verschleierte Jungfrau. Nach der ist mein Gemüt entzundet.
Lebt wohl.’
Er riss sich los und ging fort. Seine Eltern
wehklagten und vergossen Tränen,
Rosenblütchen blieb in ihrer Kammer und weinte bitterlich.
Hyazinth lief nun, was er konnte, durch Täler und Wildnisse,
über Berge und Ströme, dem geheimnisvollen Lande zu. Er
fragte überall nach der heiligen Göttin, Menschen und
Tiere, Felsen und Bäume. Manche lachten, manche schwiegen,
nirgends erhielt er Bescheid. Im Anfange kam er durch rauhes,
wildes Land, Nebel und Wolken warfen sich ihm in den Weg, es
stürmte immerfort; dann fand er unabsehliche Sandwüsten,
glühenden Staub, und wie er wandelte, so veränderte sich
auch sein Gemüt, die Zeit wurde ihm lang, und die innre Unruhe
legte sich, er wurde sanfter und das gewaltige Treiben in ihm
allgemach zu einem leisen, aber starken Zuge, in den sein ganzes
Gemüt sich auflöste. Es lag wie viele Jahre hinter ihm.
Nun wurde die Gegend auch wieder reicher und mannigfaltiger, die
Luft lau und blau, der Weg ebener, grüne Büsche lockten
ihn mit anmutigen Schatten, aber er verstand ihre Sprache nicht,
sie schienen auch nicht zu sprechen, und doch erfüllten sie
auch sein Herz mit grünen Farben und kühlem, stillem
Wesen. Immer höher wuchs jene süsse Sehnsucht in ihm, und
immer breiter und saftiger wurden die Blätter, immer lauter
und lustiger die Vögel und Tiere, balsamischer die
Früchte, dunkler der Himmel, wärmer die Luft, und heisser
seine Liebe, die Zeit ging immer schneller, als sähe sie sich
nahe am Ziele.
Eines Tages begegnete er einem
kristallnen Quell und einer Menge Blumen, die kamen in ein Tal
herunter zwischen schwarzen himmelhohen Säulen. Sie
grüssten ihn freundlich mit bekannten Worten. ‘Liebe
Landsleute’, sagte er, ‘wo find’ ich wohl den
geheiligten Wohnsitz der Isis? Hier herum muss er sein, und ihr
seid vielleicht hier bekannter als ich.’ ‘Wir gehn auch
nur hier durch’, antworteten die Blumen; ‘eine
Geisterfamilie ist auf der Reise, und wir bereiten ihr Weg und
Quartier, indes sind wir vor kurzem durch eine Gegend gekommen, da
hörten wir ihren Namen nennen. Gehe nur aufwärts, wo wir
herkommen, so wirst du schon mehr
erfahren.’ Die Blumen und die Quelle lächelten, wie sie
das sagten, boten ihm einen frischen Trunk und gingen weiter.
Hyazinth folgte ihrem Rat, frug und frug und kam endlich zu jener
längst gesuchten Wohnung, die unter Palmen und andern
köstlichen Gewächsen versteckt lag. Sein Herz klopfte in
unendlicher Sehnsucht, und die süsseste Bangigkeit durchdrang
ihn in dieser Behausung der ewigen Jahreszeiten. Unter himmlischen
Wohlgedüften entschlummerte er, weil ihn nur der Traum in das
Allerheiligste führen durfte.
Wunderlich führte ihn der Traum durch
unendliche Gemächer voll seltsamer Sachen auf lauter reizenden
Klängen und in abwechselnden Akkorden. Es dünkte ihm
alles so bekannt und doch in niegesehener Herrlichkeit, da schwand
auch der letzte irdische Anflug, wie in Luft verzehrt, und er stand
vor der himmlischen Jungfrau. Da hob er den leichten,
glänzenden Schleier, und Rosenblütchen sank in seine
Arme. Eine ferne Musik umgab die Geheimnisse des liebenden
Wiedersehns, die Ergiessungen der Sehnsucht, und schloss alles
Fremde von diesem entzückenden Orte aus.
Hyazinth lebte nachher noch lange mit
Rosenblütchen unter seinen frohen Eltern und Gespielen, und
unzählige Enkel dankten der alten wunderlichen Frau für
ihren Rat und ihr Feuer; denn damals bekamen die Menschen so viel
Kinder, als sie wollten. —
Novalis (1772-1801).
[The prose-poem is a relatively rare beast
in English literature; but one of its descendants is the lyrical
novel, as practised by (among others) Joyce.
[Note 15]
This is one of
the formal poetic “epiphanies” from his A Portrait
of the Artist as a Young Man, ch. 4:
Her image had passed into his soul for ever and
no word had broken the holy silence of his ecstasy. Her eyes had
called him and his soul had leaped at the call. To live, to err, to
fall, to triumph, to recreate life out of life: A wild angel had
appeared to him, the angel of mortal youth and beauty, an envoy
from the fair courts of life, to throw open before him in an
instant of ecstasy the gates of all the ways of error and glory. On
and on and on and on.
He halted suddenly and heard his heart in the
silence. How far had he walked? What hour was it?
There was no human figure near him nor any sound
borne to him over the air. But the tide was near the turn and
already the day was on the wane. He turned landward and ran towards
the shore and, running up the sloping beach, reckless of the sharp
shingle, found a sandy nook amid a ring of tufted sandknolls and
lay down there that the peace and silence of the evening might
still the riot of his blood.
He felt above him the vast indifferent dome and
the calm processes of the heavenly bodies; and the earth beneath
him, the earth that had borne him, had taken him to her
breast.
He closed his eyes in the languor of sleep. His
eyelids trembled as if they felt the vast cyclic movement of the
earth and her watcher, trembled as if they felt the strange light
of some new world. His soul was swooning into some new world,
fantastic, dim, uncertain as under sea, traversed by cloudy shapes
and beings. A world, a glimmer or a flower? Glimmering and
trembling, trembling and unfolding, a breaking light, an opening
flower, it spread in endless succession to itself, breaking in full
crimson and unfolding and fading to palest rose, leaf by leaf and
wave of light by wave of light, flooding all the heavens with its
soft flushes, every flush deeper than the other.
Evening had fallen when he woke and
the sand and arid grasses of his bed glowed no longer. He rose
slowly and, recalling the rapture of his sleep, sighed at its
joy.
He climbed to the crest of the
sandhill and gazed about him. Evening had fallen. A rim of the
young moon cleft the pale waste of skyline, the rim of a silver
hoop embedded in grey sand; and the tide was flowing in fast to the
land with a low whisper of her waves,
islanding a few last figures in distant pools.
James Joyce
(1882-1941).]